{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,5]],"date-time":"2026-05-05T12:27:27Z","timestamp":1777984047176,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"Microbiology Society","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]],"date-time":"2026-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775001600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Background.<\/jats:bold>\n                    Recovery from coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) probably leads to long-term symptoms, including immune system complications. Recent publications have reported that severe acute respiratory syndrome-associated coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection or, sometimes, vaccination against it may trigger autoimmune responses in vulnerable cohorts.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Purpose of the research.<\/jats:bold>\n                    To investigate the differences in the expression of the Protein tyrosine phosphatase non-receptor type 22 (PTPN22), Tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factor 1 (TRAF-1) and Interleukin-1 beta (IL-1\u03b2) genes in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and healthy controls following SARS-CoV-2 infection or vaccination.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Methods.<\/jats:bold>\n                    Blood samples were collected from 61 patients diagnosed with RA post COVID-19 Rheumatoid arthritis patients after SARS-CoV-2 infection (RAI), and 40 controls (C) who had experienced at least one COVID-19 infection. RNA was extracted and used to prepare cDNA from each sample and was then used to analyse the expression of PTPN22, TRAF-1 and IL-1\u03b2 using relative gene expression.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Results.<\/jats:bold>\n                    The study covered all 61 patients; 17 had been vaccinated without prior COVID-19 infection Rheumatoid arthritis patients after SARS-CoV-2 vaccination (RAV), while 44 were diagnosed with RA after recovery from COVID-19 (RAI). A statistically significant decrease in the gene expression of TRAF-1 was observed in both RAI and (RAV) patients compared with the C group (\n                    <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                    =0.042). A consistently significant increase in gene expression of IL-1\u03b2 was observed in both RAI and RAV samples compared with controls. However, the reduction in PTPN22 expression was not statistically significant.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Conclusion.<\/jats:bold>\n                    In this study, TRAF-1 was significantly downregulated, but IL-1\u03b2 was upregulated in patients with RA post either COVID-19 infection or vaccination, while PTPN22 showed a non-significant reduction. The study findings suggest that triggered immune response post SARS-CoV-2 exposure, through infection or vaccination, may influence molecular pathways involved in RA pathogenesis.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1099\/acmi.0.001046.v4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,2]],"date-time":"2026-04-02T21:15:49Z","timestamp":1775164549000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Gene expression profiles of Protein tyrosine phosphatase non-receptor 22, Tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factor 1 and Interleukin-1 beta in patients with rheumatoid arthritis and healthy controls after severe acute respiratory syndrome-associated coronavirus-2 infection or vaccination"],"prefix":"10.1099","volume":"8","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-6129-1736","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maryam Hassan","family":"Sanguor","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nursing Techniques, Technical Institute, University 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