{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,31]],"date-time":"2026-10-31T16:21:25Z","timestamp":1793463685270,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"Microbiology Society","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,1]],"date-time":"2026-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772323200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009619","name":"Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["JP24fk0108683"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JP24fk0108683"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009619","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009619","name":"Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["JP24fk0108663"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JP24fk0108663"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009619","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009619","name":"Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["JP24wm0225023"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JP24wm0225023"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009619","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Introduction.<\/jats:bold>\n                    Typhoid fever, caused by\n                    <jats:italic>Salmonella enterica<\/jats:italic>\n                    serovar Typhi, is a systemic infection. Approximately 40\u2009cases occur annually in Japan, most of which are imported. In August 2023, a researcher engaged in phage typing of\n                    <jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic>\n                    . Typhi was diagnosed with typhoid fever.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Case Presentation.<\/jats:bold>\n                    A 48-year-old man presented with high fever, diarrhoea, malaise and loss of appetite. Initial findings, including liver dysfunction and severe inflammation, led to a suspected diagnosis of autoimmune disease. However, blood cultures identified\n                    <jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic>\n                    . Typhi, confirming typhoid fever. Comparative genomic analysis demonstrated clonality between the strain handled in the laboratory and the patient isolates, indicating a laboratory-acquired infection.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Conclusion.<\/jats:bold>\n                    This case underscores the need for ongoing vigilance regarding the risk of laboratory-acquired infections and highlights the value of whole-genome sequencing for tracking. It would be also emphasized that this is the first reported case in Japan linked to phage typing, a conventional typing method for\n                    <jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic>\n                    . Typhi. This raises the urgency of transitioning from phage typing to genotyping and recommends mandatory typhoid vaccination for laboratory personnel working with\n                    <jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic>\n                    . Typhi to minimize infection risk.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1099\/acmi.0.001121.v4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,13]],"date-time":"2026-03-13T16:16:12Z","timestamp":1773418572000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["A case of laboratory-acquired Salmonella Typhi infection due to phage typing in Japan: whole-genome sequencing confirms the source of infection"],"prefix":"10.1099","volume":"8","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2850-0053","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Masatomo","family":"Morita","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bacteriology I, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Japan Institute for Health Security, Toyama 1-23-1, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kenichi","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bacteriology I, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Japan Institute for Health Security, Toyama 1-23-1, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Akio","family":"Sugiyama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology, Ogikubo Hospital, Imagawa 3-1-24, Suginami-ku, Tokyo 167-0035, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Narumi","family":"Kojima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Laboratory, Sainokuni Higashiomiya Medical Center, Toro-cho 1522, Kita-ku,Saitama 331-8577, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yasuhiro","family":"Kawai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Center for Biosafety, Laboratory Animal and Pathogen Bank, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Japan Institute for Health Security, Toyama 1-23-1, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9797-7402","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hidemasa","family":"Izumiya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bacteriology I, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Japan Institute for Health Security, Toyama 1-23-1, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5325-4173","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yukihiro","family":"Akeda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bacteriology I, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Japan Institute for Health Security, Toyama 1-23-1, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"345","reference":[{"key":"R1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41572-023-00480-z"},{"key":"R2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkaa345"},{"key":"R3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2105-10-421"},{"key":"R4","volume-title":"CLSI Supplement M100","year":"2024"},{"key":"R5","article-title":"Breakpoint tables for interpretation of MICs and zone diameters","year":"2025"},{"key":"R6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.02720-15"},{"key":"R7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-017-2757-2"},{"key":"R8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diagmicrobio.2023.116016"},{"key":"R9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.185.7.2330-2337.2003"},{"key":"R10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/mgen.0.000056"},{"key":"R11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/msaa015"},{"key":"R12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkae268"},{"key":"R13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/mSystems.00009-16"},{"key":"R14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/511515a"},{"key":"R15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/599104"},{"key":"R16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2666-5247(23)00319-1"},{"key":"R17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/142.6.934"},{"key":"R18","first-page":"82","article-title":"Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis as an epidemiologic tool in the investigation of laboratory acquired Salmonella typhi infection","volume":"28","author":"Koay","year":"1997","journal-title":"Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health"},{"key":"R19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/00313029109063572"},{"key":"R20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0140-6736(47)91719-4"},{"key":"R21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2018.04.022"},{"key":"R22","article-title":"Typhoid Vaccine: What You Need to Know. 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