{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]],"date-time":"2026-08-04T17:18:11Z","timestamp":1785863891873,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Microbiology Society","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]],"date-time":"2026-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785542400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Background.<\/jats:bold>\n                    ChatGPT, an OpenAI chatbot, serves as a valuable tool in the present for learning and education. It also offers information on microbiology, as its popularity grows among students. However, assessing the accuracy of ChatGPT\u2019s responses is essential due to the potential for \u2018hallucinations\u2019 in large language models (LLMs).\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Objectives.<\/jats:bold>\n                    This study focused on evaluating the accuracy of ChatGPT\u2019s responses to general questions on bacterial species and assessing whether the responses included key microbiological terms typically expected in academic or examination settings.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Methodology.<\/jats:bold>\n                    Questions were designed to reflect interactions at three language proficiency levels, including low, moderate and high. A clinical microbiologist finalized a list of 15 bacterial species, each with 18 specific questions of both local and international relevance. These questions were then prompted to ChatGPT 3.5 and 4.1 mini models, simulating real user interactions. Responses were evaluated using a microbiology reference guide and categorized as accurate, mixed\/incomplete or inaccurate.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Results.<\/jats:bold>\n                    Results revealed average scores of 1.5%, 58.1% and 40.4% and 0.5%, 43.2% and 56.3% for inaccurate, mixed\/incomplete and accurate answers for 3.5 and 4.1 mini models, respectively. While high proficiency demonstrated a higher percentage of accurate responses, all other results were either mixed\/incomplete or inaccurate.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Conclusion.<\/jats:bold>\n                    Findings suggest that precise questions yielded more accurate responses, while imprecise questions often led to partially correct responses. Notably, ChatGPT 4.1 mini gave clearer and more reliable answers than ChatGPT 3.5. The study emphasizes the influence of question formulation on response accuracy, recommending further research to explore more advanced LLMs like ChatGPT-4o and ChatGPT-o3 models.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1099\/acmi.0.001137.v5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]],"date-time":"2026-08-04T16:16:40Z","timestamp":1785860200000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Assessment of the efficacy of ChatGPT responses to bacterial species-specific questions in microbiology"],"prefix":"10.1099","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Withanage Dona","family":"Manushi Dinasha","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Science, International Institute of Health Sciences, Welisara, Sri Lanka"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nissanka Mudiyanselage Tanuri Ayanga","family":"Nissanka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Science, International Institute of Health Sciences, Welisara, Sri Lanka"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chamudhi Prabashi","family":"Wickramasinghe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Science, International Institute of Health Sciences, Welisara, Sri Lanka"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Warnakulasuriya Palakuttige Pasindu Damsara","family":"Fernando","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Science, International Institute of Health Sciences, Welisara, Sri Lanka"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8905-9882","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vindya","family":"Perera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Sabaragamuwa University of Sri Lanka, Belihuloya, Sri Lanka"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-8866-3900","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hiripitiyage Gayan Danushka","family":"Gunatilake","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Science, International Institute of Health Sciences, Welisara, Sri Lanka"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"345","reference":[{"key":"R1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/FMICB.2024.1370818\/BIBTEX"},{"key":"R2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(22)02185-7"},{"key":"R3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fagro.2023.1183691"},{"key":"R4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/ACS.CHEMREV.2C00431\/ASSET\/IMAGES\/LARGE\/CR2C00431_0007.JPEG"},{"key":"R5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.idc.2021.04.006"},{"key":"R6","volume-title":"WHO Bacterial Priority Pathogens List, 2024: Bacterial Pathogens of Public Health Importance, to Guide Research, Development, and Strategies to Prevent and Control Antimicrobial Resistance. 1st Edition","year":"2024"},{"key":"R7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(21)02724-0"},{"key":"R8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02635143.2021.1952407"},{"key":"R9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.53032"},{"key":"R10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/JS9.0000000000000987"},{"key":"R11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms12061051"},{"key":"R12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-81370-6"},{"key":"R13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.technovation.2024.103002"},{"key":"R14","article-title":"Overview - 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