{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,25]],"date-time":"2026-07-25T00:19:00Z","timestamp":1784938740631,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":92,"publisher":"Microbiology Society","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,27]],"date-time":"2025-02-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1740614400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100015691","name":"Division of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["R01AI141958"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01AI141958"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100015691","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,27]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>In this article, it is proposed that the Nichols strain of <jats:italic>Treponema pallidum<\/jats:italic> be established as the type strain. <jats:italic>T. pallidum<\/jats:italic> was first identified as the causative agent of syphilis in 1905, and the Nichols strain was isolated in 1912 by inoculation of a rabbit with cerebrospinal fluid from a patient with neurosyphilis. The Nichols strain has been maintained by serial passage in rabbits for over a century, and historically most studies of <jats:italic>T. pallidum<\/jats:italic> have been conducted using this strain. In recent years, a procedure for continuous <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic> culture of <jats:italic>T. pallidum<\/jats:italic> in a tissue culture system has been developed, making propagation of this spirochaete easier and hence facilitating research. The Nichols strain has &gt;99% DNA homology with a group of organisms that cause syphilis, bejel\/endemic syphilis and yaws in humans, a yaws-like disease in primates and spirochaetosis in rabbits and hares. This group is highly similar in terms of their gene and G+C content, genome synteny, cell morphology, natural dependence on mammalian hosts and ability to cause long-term infections; variation occurs in host range, modes of transmission, aptitude for dissemination, manifestations, congenital infection and geographical distribution. Availability of a type strain will aid in the formal acceptance of <jats:italic>T. pallidum<\/jats:italic> subspecies first described in 1984 and supported by recent whole-genome analyses of numerous strains from the <jats:italic>T. pallidum<\/jats:italic>-related group.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1099\/ijsem.0.006697","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,27]],"date-time":"2025-02-27T16:18:23Z","timestamp":1740673103000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Establishment of the Nichols strain as the type strain of Treponema pallidum"],"prefix":"10.1099","volume":"75","author":[{"given":"Steven J.","family":"Norris","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Sciences Center at Houston, Houston, Texas, USA"},{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Sciences Center at Houston, Houston, Texas, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"345","reference":[{"key":"R1","first-page":"528","article-title":"Vorl\u00e4ufiger bericht \u00fcber das vorkommen f\u00fcr spirochaeten in syphilitischen krankheitsprodukten und bei papillomen","volume":"22","author":"Schaudinn","year":"1905","journal-title":"Arb Gesundh Amt Berlin"},{"key":"R2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1728","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0029-1188418","article-title":"Korrespondenzen","volume":"31","author":"Schaudinn","year":"1905","journal-title":"Deut Med Wochenschr"},{"key":"R3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01824549","article-title":"\u00dcber die beziehungen der Spirochaete pallida zur kongenitalen syphilis, nebst einigen bemerkungen \u00fcber ihre lagerung im gewebe bei akquirierter lues","volume":"82","author":"Buschke","year":"1906","journal-title":"Archiv f\u00fcr Dermatologie und Syphilis"},{"key":"R4","first-page":"146","article-title":"Die bedeutung der arbeiten karl landsteiners f\u00fcr die syphilisforschung","volume":"103","author":"Luger","year":"1991","journal-title":"Wien Klin Wochenschr"},{"key":"R5","volume-title":"Beitrage zur Experimentellen Pathologie und Chemiotherapie","author":"Ehrlich","year":"1909"},{"key":"R6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.200461471"},{"key":"R7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0028-1142018"},{"key":"R8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0029-1201453"},{"key":"R9","first-page":"1","article-title":"Treponema pallidum. 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