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Viral DNA copy number was determined by SYBR Green Q-PCR analysis. In addition, we tracked viral DNA load through three complete oestrous cycles to pinpoint whether there was a correlation between the DNA load and the four stages of the oestrous cycle. Our results showed that high viral DNA copy number was reproducibly detected from both anal and cervicovaginal lavage samples. The infection and disease progression were further confirmed by histology, cytology, <jats:italic>in situ<\/jats:italic> hybridization, immunohistochemistry and transmission electron microscopy. Interestingly, the viral copy number fluctuated over the oestrous cycle, with the highest level at the oestrus stage, implying that multiple sampling might be necessary to provide a reliable diagnosis. Virus DNA was detected in oral lavage samples at a later time after infection. Lower viral DNA load was found in oral samples when compared with those in anal and vaginal tracts. To our knowledge, our study is the first <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic> study to sequentially monitor papillomavirus infection from mucosal anal, oral and vaginal tracts in a preclinical model.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1099\/jgv.0.000295","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,9,23]],"date-time":"2015-09-23T06:12:19Z","timestamp":1442988739000},"page":"3554-3565","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":48,"title":["Tracking vaginal, anal and oral infection in a mouse papillomavirus infection model"],"prefix":"10.1099","volume":"96","author":[{"given":"Jiafen","family":"Hu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The Jake Gittlen Laboratories for Cancer Research, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA"},{"name":"Department of Pathology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lynn 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