{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]],"date-time":"2026-08-04T10:54:20Z","timestamp":1785840860090,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"Microbiology Society","issue":"10","funder":[{"name":"Medical Research Council","award":["MR\/P021735\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MR\/P021735\/1"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Some free fatty acids derived from milk and vegetable oils are known to have potent antiviral and antibacterial properties. However, therapeutic applications of short- to medium-chain fatty acids are limited by physical characteristics such as immiscibility in aqueous solutions. We evaluated a novel proprietary formulation based on an emulsion of short-chain caprylic acid, ViroSAL, for its ability to inhibit a range of viral infections\n                    <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>in vivo. In vitro,<\/jats:italic>\n                    ViroSAL inhibited the enveloped viruses Epstein\u2013Barr, measles, herpes simplex, Zika and orf parapoxvirus, together with Ebola, Lassa, vesicular stomatitis and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 1 (SARS-CoV-1) pseudoviruses, in a concentration- and time-dependent manner. Evaluation of the components of ViroSAL revealed that caprylic acid was the main antiviral component; however, the ViroSAL formulation significantly inhibited viral entry compared with caprylic acid alone.\n                    <jats:italic>In vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                    , ViroSAL significantly inhibited Zika and Semliki Forest virus replication in mice following the inoculation of these viruses into mosquito bite sites. In agreement with studies investigating other free fatty acids, ViroSAL had no effect on norovirus, a non-enveloped virus, indicating that its mechanism of action may be surfactant disruption of the viral envelope. We have identified a novel antiviral formulation that is of great interest for the prevention and\/or treatment of a broad range of enveloped viruses, particularly those of the skin and mucosal surfaces.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1099\/jgv.0.001472","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,21]],"date-time":"2020-07-21T12:23:45Z","timestamp":1595334225000},"page":"1090-1102","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["A novel antiviral formulation inhibits a range of enveloped viruses"],"prefix":"10.1099","volume":"101","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5593-9742","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nicola F.","family":"Fletcher","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Immunity and Infection, The University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3802-8290","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luke W.","family":"Meredith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Veterinary Sciences Centre, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emma L.","family":"Tidswell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Virology, Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5408-6047","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Steven R.","family":"Bryden","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Virology, Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel","family":"Gon\u00e7alves-Carneiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Present address: Laboratory of Retrovirology, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York, USA"},{"name":"Virus Host Interaction Team, Leeds Institute of Medical Research, School of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Leeds, Leeds LS9 7TF, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2386-3269","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yasmin","family":"Chaudhry","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Veterinary Sciences Centre, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7689-0631","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Claire","family":"Shannon-Lowe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Cancer Sciences, The University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael A.","family":"Folan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Westgate Biomedical Ltd, Lough Eske, Donegal Town, Co. 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