{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,7]],"date-time":"2026-06-07T07:34:09Z","timestamp":1780817649826,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":260,"publisher":"Microbiology Society","issue":"8","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,26]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Human pathogens belonging to the<jats:italic>Alphavirus<\/jats:italic>genus, in the<jats:italic>Togaviridae<\/jats:italic>family, are transmitted primarily by mosquitoes. The signs and symptoms associated with these viruses include fever and polyarthralgia, defined as joint pain and inflammation, as well as encephalitis. In the last decade, our understanding of the interactions between members of the alphavirus genus and the human host has increased due to the re-appearance of the chikungunya virus (CHIKV) in Asia and Europe, as well as its emergence in the Americas. Alphaviruses affect host immunity through cytokines and the interferon response. Understanding alphavirus interactions with both the innate immune system as well as the various cells in the adaptive immune systems is critical to developing effective therapeutics. In this review, we summarize the latest research on alphavirus-host cell interactions, underlying infection mechanisms, and possible treatments.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1099\/jgv.0.001644","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,26]],"date-time":"2021-08-26T12:16:35Z","timestamp":1629980195000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Alphaviruses: Host pathogenesis, immune response, and vaccine &amp; treatment updates"],"prefix":"10.1099","volume":"102","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1197-8077","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Israel","family":"Guerrero-Arguero","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, USA"},{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9218-3021","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Claudia M.","family":"Tellez-Freitas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Dental Medicine, Roseman University of Health Sciences, South Jordan, UT, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3688-2191","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"K. Scott","family":"Weber","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0711-576X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bradford K.","family":"Berges","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4324-5169","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Richard A.","family":"Robison","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7930-8160","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Brett E.","family":"Pickett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"345","reference":[{"key":"R1","volume-title":"Fields\u2019 virology","author":"Fields","year":"2007"},{"key":"R2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/mr.58.3.491-562.1994"},{"key":"R3","first-page":"520","volume-title":"Medical Microbiology","author":"Barrett"},{"key":"R4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.90.2323.20"},{"key":"R5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tim.2014.09.005"},{"key":"R6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12026-009-8143-4"},{"key":"R7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12028-017-0413-8"},{"key":"R8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/3-211-29981-5_14"},{"key":"R9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1005810"},{"key":"R10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3923\/pjbs.2014.768.779"},{"key":"R11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2000","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0000787","article-title":"Arboviral etiologies of acute febrile illnesses in western south America, 2000-2007","volume":"4","author":"Forshey","year":"2010","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"R12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.02073-06"},{"key":"R13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.10.3.524-536.1972"},{"key":"R14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"0804","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.0030089","article-title":"Characterization of reemerging chikungunya virus","volume":"3","author":"Sourisseau","year":"2007","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog"},{"key":"R15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micinf.2009.09.002"},{"key":"R16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.67.12.7629-7633.1993"},{"key":"R17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.17-0927"},{"key":"R18","first-page":"68","article-title":"Post chikungunya Brain stem encephalitis","volume":"60","author":"Gauri","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Assoc Physicians India"},{"key":"R19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/emboj.2011.261"},{"key":"R20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0012137"},{"key":"R21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2016.06.002"},{"key":"R22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.07223-11"},{"key":"R23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.41.1.379-385.2003"},{"key":"R24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0057548"},{"key":"R25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.reuma.2017.01.006"},{"key":"R26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MD\/0b013e31806010a5"},{"key":"R27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.berh.2006.08.007"},{"key":"R28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2334-13-369"},{"key":"R29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12098-009-0049-6"},{"key":"R30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1211","DOI":"10.2217\/fvl.11.101","article-title":"Insights into the interplay between chikungunya virus and its human host","volume":"6","author":"K.M.","year":"2011","journal-title":"Future Virol"},{"key":"R31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1955.4.844"},{"key":"R32","first-page":"547","article-title":"Sindbis virus infection in man","author":"Malherbe","year":"1963","journal-title":"South African Med J"},{"key":"R33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/41.7.829"},{"key":"R34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.67.6.3363-3374.1993"},{"key":"R35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1196\/annals.1408.007"},{"key":"R36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/0022-1317-80-3-739"},{"key":"R37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.00037-10"},{"key":"R38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/viro.1997.8914"},{"key":"R39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0008-8749(73)90057-9"},{"key":"R40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.21649"},{"key":"R41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1569","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.119.5.1569","article-title":"Two cytotoxic cells in peritoneal cavity of virus infected mice: Antibody dependent macrophages and nonspecific killer cells","volume":"119","author":"Macfarlan","year":"1977","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"R42","first-page":"81","article-title":"Natural killer cells appear to play no role in the recovery of mice from Sindbis virus infection","volume":"43","author":"Hirsch","year":"1981","journal-title":"Immunology"},{"key":"R43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1042\/bj2180001"},{"key":"R44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/emboj\/17.16.4585"},{"key":"R45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.73.10.8476-8484.1999"},{"key":"R46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-59745-393-6_4"},{"key":"R47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.72.9.7349-7356.1998"},{"key":"R48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2011.06.009"},{"key":"R49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2011.07.008"},{"key":"R50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/973516"},{"key":"R51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1016\/S0307-742X(21)00556-7","article-title":"Epidemic polyarthritis and Ross River virus disease","volume":"12","author":"Fraser","year":"1986","journal-title":"Clin Rheum Dis"},{"key":"R52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1624","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.162.3.1624","article-title":"The inflammatory response to nonfatal Sindbis virus infection of the nervous system is more severe in SJL than in BALB\/c mice and is associated with low levels of IL-4 mRNA and high levels of IL-10-producing CD4+ T cells","volume":"162","author":"Rowell","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"R53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01152-06"},{"key":"R54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1059742"},{"key":"R55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.72.11.8586-8596.1998"},{"key":"R56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.70.6.3972-3977.1996"},{"key":"R57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.49.3.141","article-title":"Semliki forest virus: I. isolation and pathogenic properties","volume":"49","author":"Smithburn","year":"1944","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"R58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/vbz.2012.1013"},{"key":"R59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-811865-8.00004-0"},{"key":"R60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.24875\/RIC.17002029"},{"key":"R61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/0022-1317-81-2-471"},{"key":"R62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18233\/APM37No2pp111-131"},{"key":"R63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"LP","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000002234","article-title":"Chikungunya virus\u2013associated encephalitis","volume":"86","author":"G\u00e9rardin","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"R64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0001446"},{"key":"R65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.antiviral.2013.06.009"},{"key":"R66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(16)30385-1"},{"key":"R67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.0900255"},{"key":"R68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/517537"},{"key":"R69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/590003"},{"key":"R70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0004773"},{"key":"R71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.antiviral.2015.04.016"},{"key":"R72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0006670"},{"key":"R73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1300304"},{"key":"R74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0002343"},{"key":"R75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1210.060610"},{"key":"R76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/vim.2004.17.565"},{"key":"R77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2016.08.065"},{"key":"R78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0001168"},{"key":"R79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0005895"},{"key":"R80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.0904181"},{"key":"R81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofy276"},{"key":"R82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0111305"},{"key":"R83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0003354"},{"key":"R84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.125.1.431","article-title":"Virus and interferon effects on cellular prostaglandin biosynthesis","volume":"125","author":"Fitzpatrick","year":"1980","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"R85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.36.1.333-341.1982"},{"key":"R86","first-page":"117","article-title":"Demyelination of olfactory pathways in mice following intranasal infection with the avirulent A7 strain of Semliki Forest virus","volume":"2","author":"Sheahan","year":"1996","journal-title":"Eur J Vet Pathol"},{"key":"R87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01313896"},{"key":"R88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/161.4.685"},{"key":"R89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/viro.1993.1414"},{"key":"R90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0165-5728(96)00786-2"},{"key":"R91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1981.30.1294"},{"key":"R92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"426","DOI":"10.1016\/0035-9203(81)90112-7","article-title":"Ross River infection in american samoa","volume":"75","author":"Tesh","year":"1981","journal-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"R93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1981.30.1053"},{"key":"R94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0035-9203(87)90045-9"},{"key":"R95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5694\/j.1326-5377.2002.tb04837.x"},{"key":"R96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.bor.0000130537.76808.26"},{"key":"R97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrrheum.2012.64"},{"key":"R98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/art.38090"},{"key":"R99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.80.2.737-749.2006"},{"key":"R100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2010.11.018"},{"key":"R101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1401833"},{"key":"R102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1006748","article-title":"Inflammatory monocytes mediate control of acute alphavirus infection in mice","volume":"13","author":"Haist","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog"},{"key":"R103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0000527"},{"key":"R104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/0022-1317-77-3-407"},{"key":"R105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.202415999"},{"key":"R106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000025023"},{"key":"R107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2009.07.095"},{"key":"R108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9440(10)62241-9"},{"key":"R109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3181\/00379727-31-7066C"},{"key":"R110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2009.08.023"},{"key":"R111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm6902a4"},{"key":"R112","first-page":"377","volume-title":"Infection: viruses: alphaviruses","author":"Petersen","year":"2003"},{"key":"R113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199706263362604"},{"key":"R114","first-page":"417","volume-title":"Handbook of Clinical Neurology","author":"Greenlee"},{"key":"R115","volume-title":"Western Equine Encephalitis","author":"Simon LV"},{"key":"R116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.3390\/antib7040044","article-title":"Selection of Single-Domain antibodies towards western equine encephalitis virus","volume":"7","author":"Liu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Antibodies"},{"key":"R117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2217\/FVL.11.5"},{"key":"R118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.antiviral.2010.04.013"},{"key":"R119","first-page":"189","volume-title":"Viruses: Molecular Biology, Host Interactions, and Applications to Biotechnology","author":"Foster","year":"2018"},{"key":"R120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1998.58.35"},{"key":"R121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.30802\/AALAS-CM-18-000027"},{"key":"R122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/vir.0.071282-0"},{"key":"R123","first-page":"440","volume-title":"Laboratory Test and Diagnostic Procedures","author":"Chernecky","year":"2013"},{"key":"R124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-065X.2008.00737.x"},{"key":"R125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/v8060166"},{"key":"R126","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/AIA.0b013e318034194e"},{"key":"R127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1995-7645(13)60108-X"},{"key":"R128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2009.12.031"},{"key":"R129","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nri888"},{"key":"R130","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiq006"},{"key":"R131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/1529-0131(200002)43:2<365::AID-ANR16>3.0.CO;2-E"},{"key":"R132","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/315164"},{"key":"R133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8021","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.02603-09","article-title":"Chikungunya Virus Arthritis in Adult Wild-Type Mice Chikungunya Virus Arthritis in Adult Wild-Type Mice","volume":"84","author":"Gardner","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"R134","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI40104"},{"key":"R135","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/587841"},{"key":"R136","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01611-12"},{"key":"R137","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01576-07"},{"key":"R138","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.antiviral.2019.02.001"},{"key":"R139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01419-17","article-title":"Interferon Regulatory Factor 1 Protects against chikungunya virus-induced immunopathology by restricting infection in muscle cells","volume":"91","author":"Nair","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"R140","first-page":"140","volume-title":"Cellular and Molecular Immunology","author":"DeFranco","year":"2007"},{"key":"R141","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0167-5699(96)80606-2"},{"key":"R142","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.01004-17"},{"key":"R143","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1081-1206(10)62426-X"},{"key":"R144","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.164.8.4220"},{"key":"R145","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1001359"},{"key":"R146","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2008-02-135871"},{"key":"R147","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01844044"},{"key":"R148","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.72.6.5146-5153.1998"},{"key":"R149","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/diseases6040095"},{"key":"R150","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/vim.2012.0061"},{"key":"R151","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micinf.2011.12.008"},{"key":"R152","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1005201108"},{"key":"R153","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coviro.2017.02.004"},{"key":"R154","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00767-10"},{"key":"R155","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12026-012-8266-x"},{"key":"R156","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1418966111"},{"key":"R157","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms19092821"},{"key":"R158","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-065X.2008.00670.x"},{"key":"R159","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01323-08"},{"key":"R160","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3967\/0895-3988.2011.01.011"},{"key":"R161","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/viro.2000.0241"},{"key":"R162","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.02858-12"},{"key":"R163","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/vir.0.010280-0"},{"key":"R164","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1743-422X-8-197"},{"key":"R165","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmb.2013.11.024"},{"key":"R166","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nri.2017.125"},{"key":"R167","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-immunol-042718-041417"},{"key":"R168","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.jnen.0000263867.46070.e2"},{"key":"R169","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1002352"},{"key":"R170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"647","DOI":"10.2217\/fvl.15.8","article-title":"virulence determinants of new world alphaviruses and broad-acting therapeutic strategies","volume":"10","author":"Wu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Future Virol"},{"key":"R171","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2006.10.031"},{"key":"R172","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.antiviral.2015.06.017"},{"key":"R173","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2567.2011.03412.x"},{"key":"R174","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-444-53488-0.00010-9"},{"key":"R175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.194.Supp.75.6","article-title":"T cell-mediated protection and epitope mapping with a trivalent alphavirus-like replicon particle vaccine (VIR2P.1167","volume":"194","author":"Cohen","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"R176","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2009.04.015"},{"key":"R177","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00335-018-9776-1"},{"key":"R178","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/imm.12799"},{"key":"R179","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2016691117"},{"key":"R180","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00949-10"},{"key":"R181","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00884-13"},{"key":"R182","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2011.12.020"},{"key":"R183","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00541-12"},{"key":"R184","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/embor.2013.51"},{"key":"R185","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/cells9040970"},{"key":"R186","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/jgv.0.001310"},{"key":"R187","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1009603"},{"key":"R188","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.02554-09"},{"key":"R189","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0005122"},{"key":"R190","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1248465"},{"key":"R191","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.antiviral.2003.09.005"},{"key":"R192","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1096\/fasebj.24.1_supplement.688.1"},{"key":"R193","first-page":"3","article-title":"IMATINIB mesylate as an effective anti-viral treatment for alphavirus infections","author":"Focus","year":"2017"},{"key":"R194","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1003312"},{"key":"R195","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M111360200"},{"key":"R196","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01940-12"},{"key":"R197","article-title":"Identifying virus-host interactions critical for alphavirus-mediated oncolysis","author":"Martikainen","year":"2015"},{"key":"R198","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0002405"},{"key":"R199","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.antiviral.2016.08.019"},{"key":"R200","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0046396"},{"key":"R201","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41564-018-0286-4"},{"key":"R202","first-page":"12","article-title":"A virus-like particle vaccine prevents equine encephalitis virus infection in nonhuman primates","volume":"11","author":"SY","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci Transl Med"},{"key":"R203","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/088282401753266774"},{"key":"R204","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0000739"},{"key":"R205","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0037242"},{"key":"R206","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.3390\/v10040147","article-title":"Human-like neutralizing antibodies protect mice from aerosol exposure with western equine encephalitis virus","volume":"10","author":"Burke","year":"2018","journal-title":"Viruses-Basel"},{"key":"R207","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ymthe.2018.12.013"},{"key":"R208","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5501\/wjv.v2.i2.71"},{"key":"R209","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.02325-18","article-title":"Src Family kinase inhibitors block translation of alphavirus subgenomic mRNAs","volume":"63","author":"Broeckel","year":"2019","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"R210","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.antiviral.2019.02.002"},{"key":"R211","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00104-16","article-title":"Vaccine and therapeutic options to control chikungunya virus","volume":"31","author":"Powers","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Rev"},{"key":"R212","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/v10050235"},{"key":"R213","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/14728222.2020.1712362"},{"key":"R214","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/v12030272"},{"key":"R215","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00253-020-10437-x"},{"key":"R216","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41584-019-0276-9"},{"key":"R217","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/v11030290"},{"key":"R218","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/v10060294"},{"key":"R219","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1590\/1806-9282.64.01.63"},{"key":"R220","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms8091365"},{"key":"R221","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2019.113777"},{"key":"R222","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.antiviral.2019.01.015"},{"key":"R223","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/v10020071"},{"key":"R224","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkx224"},{"key":"R225","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2009.05.011"},{"key":"R226","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2007.05.054"},{"key":"R227","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2005.01.032"},{"key":"R228","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2009.04.049"},{"key":"R229","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2007.07.024"},{"key":"R230","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.antiviral.2019.01.003"},{"key":"R231","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms9050899"},{"key":"R232","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines4040039"},{"key":"R233","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiw271"},{"key":"R234","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/14760584.2019.1562908"},{"key":"R235","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13543776.2020.1751817"},{"key":"R236","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/v11020164"},{"key":"R237","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines8020273"},{"key":"R238","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trstmh.2009.07.031"},{"key":"R239","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4172\/2157-2526.S1-001"},{"key":"R240","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/v9100306"},{"key":"R241","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2009.09.133"},{"key":"R242","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/vbz.2014.1710"},{"key":"R243","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2009.07.024"},{"key":"R244","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/srep32288"},{"key":"R245","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.it.2005.05.004"},{"key":"R246","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01672-14"},{"key":"R247","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-811865-8.00010-6"},{"key":"R248","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2008.07.054"},{"key":"R249","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1002390"},{"key":"R250","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2018.08.011"},{"key":"R251","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1941874415578533"},{"key":"R252","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0002124"},{"key":"R253","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00310-10"},{"key":"R254","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01960-13"},{"key":"R255","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/rmv.1876"},{"key":"R256","first-page":"374","article-title":"Clinical and pathologic aspects of arthritis due to Ross River virus and other alphaviruses","volume":"16","author":"Suhrbier","year":"2004","journal-title":"Curr Opin Microbiol"},{"key":"R257","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0065-3527(08)60838-6"},{"key":"R258","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3181\/00379727-97-23862"},{"key":"R259","first-page":"79","article-title":"Venezuelan equine encephalitis","volume":"18","author":"Johnson","year":"1974","journal-title":"Adv Vet Sci Comp Med"},{"key":"R260","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/oli.2007.0079"}],"container-title":["Journal of General Virology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.microbiologyresearch.org\/content\/journal\/jgv\/10.1099\/jgv.0.001644?crawler=true","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,8]],"date-time":"2023-01-08T04:19:28Z","timestamp":1673151568000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.microbiologyresearch.org\/content\/journal\/jgv\/10.1099\/jgv.0.001644"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,26]]},"references-count":260,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,26]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1099\/jgv.0.001644","relation":{},"ISSN":["0022-1317","1465-2099"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0022-1317","type":"print"},{"value":"1465-2099","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,26]]}}}