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Mutations in TRE can reduce provirus expression and since a high proviral load (PVL) is a risk factor for the development of HTLV-1-associated myelopathy\/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM\/TSP), we evaluated polymorphisms in the 5\u2032 LTR and the association with PVL and disease progression. HTLV-1 LTR and <jats:italic>tax<\/jats:italic> sequences derived from asymptomatic carriers (AC) and HAM\/TSP patients followed in a longitudinal study were analysed according to PVL and clinical severity. Individuals infected with HTLV-1 presenting the canonical TRE, considering strain ATK-1 as the consensus, displayed sustained higher PVL. By contrast, an LTR A125G mutation in TRE was associated with slightly reduced PVL only in HAM\/TSP patients, although it did not influence the speed of disease progression. Moreover, this polymorphism was frequent in Latin American strains of the HTLV-1 Cosmopolitan Transcontinental subtype. Therefore, polymorphisms in the 5\u2032 TRE of HTLV-1 may represent one of the factors influencing PVL in HAM\/TSP patients, especially in the Latin American population. Indeed, higher PVL in the peripheral blood has been associated with an increased inflammatory activity in the spinal cord and to a poorer prognosis in HAM\/TSP. However, this event was not associated with TRE polymorphisms.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1099\/jgv.0.001649","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,8]],"date-time":"2021-09-08T19:04:12Z","timestamp":1631127852000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Polymorphisms in HTLV-1 Tax-responsive elements in HTLV-1-associated myelopathy\/tropical spastic paraparesis patients are associated with reduced proviral load but not with disease progression"],"prefix":"10.1099","volume":"102","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7554-1093","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yago C\u00f4rtes Pinheiro","family":"Gomes","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory for Clinical Research in Neuroinfections, Evandro Chagas National Institute of Infectious Diseases (INI), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marcus Tulius 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