{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,27]],"date-time":"2026-02-27T01:36:15Z","timestamp":1772156175811,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"Microbiology Society","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,1]],"date-time":"2021-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1635724800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005341","name":"Bayerisches Staatsministerium f\u00fcr Wissenschaft, Forschung und Kunst","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005341","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"University Hospital, LMU Munich"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100013295","name":"Helmholtz Centre Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100013295","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100008131","name":"University of Bonn","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100008131","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005721","name":"Bielefeld University","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005721","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"German Ministry for Education and Research"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    A number of seroassays are available for SARS-CoV-2 testing; yet, head-to-head evaluations of different testing principles are limited, especially using raw values rather than categorical data. In addition, identifying correlates of protection is of utmost importance, and comparisons of available testing systems with functional assays, such as direct viral neutralisation, are needed.We analysed 6658 samples consisting of true-positives (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    =193), true-negatives (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    =1091), and specimens of unknown status (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    =5374). For primary testing, we used Euroimmun-Anti-SARS-CoV-2-ELISA-IgA\/IgG and Roche-Elecsys-Anti-SARS-CoV-2. Subsequently virus-neutralisation, GeneScriptcPass, VIRAMED-SARS-CoV-2-ViraChip, and Mikrogen-\n                    <jats:italic>recom<\/jats:italic>\n                    Line-SARS-CoV-2-IgG were applied for confirmatory testing. Statistical modelling generated optimised assay cut-off thresholds. Sensitivity of Euroimmun-anti-S1-IgA was 64.8%, specificity 93.3% (manufacturer\u2019s cut-off); for Euroimmun-anti-S1-IgG, sensitivity was 77.2\/79.8% (manufacturer\u2019s\/optimised cut-offs), specificity 98.0\/97.8%; Roche-anti-N sensitivity was 85.5\/88.6%, specificity 99.8\/99.7%. In true-positives, mean and median Euroimmun-anti-S1-IgA and -IgG titres decreased 30\/90 days after RT-PCR-positivity, Roche-anti-N titres decreased significantly later. Virus-neutralisation was 80.6% sensitive, 100.0% specific (\u22651:5 dilution). Neutralisation surrogate tests (GeneScriptcPass, Mikrogen-\n                    <jats:italic>recom<\/jats:italic>\n                    Line-RBD) were &gt;94.9% sensitive and &gt;98.1% specific. Optimised cut-offs improved test performances of several tests. Confirmatory testing with virus-neutralisation might be complemented with GeneScriptcPass\n                    <jats:sup>TM<\/jats:sup>\n                    or\n                    <jats:italic>recom<\/jats:italic>\n                    Line-RBD for certain applications. Head-to-head comparisons given here aim to contribute to the refinement of testing strategies for individual and public health use.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1099\/jgv.0.001653","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,8]],"date-time":"2021-10-08T11:24:13Z","timestamp":1633692253000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["Head-to-head evaluation of seven different seroassays including direct viral neutralisation in a representative cohort for SARS-CoV-2"],"prefix":"10.1099","volume":"102","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8881-4102","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Laura","family":"Olbrich","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner site Munich, Germany"},{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, University Hospital, LMU Munich, 80802 Munich, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6598-5352","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Noemi","family":"Castelletti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Radiation Medicine, Helmholtz Zentrum M\u00fcnchen, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany"},{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, University Hospital, LMU Munich, 80802 Munich, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1293-820X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yannik","family":"Sch\u00e4lte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Mathematics, Technische Universit\u00e4t M\u00fcnchen, 85748 Garching, Germany"},{"name":"Institute of Computational Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum M\u00fcnchen, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6903-0732","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Merc\u00e8","family":"Gar\u00ed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Computational Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum M\u00fcnchen, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"P\u00fctz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Business Administration and Economics, Bielefeld University, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany"},{"name":"Institute of Computational Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum M\u00fcnchen, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5123-1974","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abhishek","family":"Bakuli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, University Hospital, LMU Munich, 80802 Munich, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Pritsch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, University Hospital, LMU Munich, 80802 Munich, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6949-346X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Inge","family":"Kroidl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner site Munich, Germany"},{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, University Hospital, LMU Munich, 80802 Munich, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4874-380X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elmar","family":"Saathoff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner site Munich, Germany"},{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, University Hospital, LMU Munich, 80802 Munich, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3056-7983","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jessica Michelle","family":"Guggenbuehl Noller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, University Hospital, LMU Munich, 80802 Munich, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Volker","family":"Fingerle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bavarian Health and Food Safety Authority (LGL), Germany"},{"name":"German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner site Munich, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9429-9925","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ronan","family":"Le Gleut","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Core Facility Statistical Consulting, Helmholtz Zentrum M\u00fcnchen, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany"},{"name":"Institute of Computational Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum M\u00fcnchen, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Leonard","family":"Gilberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, University Hospital, LMU Munich, 80802 Munich, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Isabel","family":"Brand","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, University Hospital, LMU Munich, 80802 Munich, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Philine","family":"Falk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, University Hospital, LMU Munich, 80802 Munich, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alisa","family":"Markgraf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, University Hospital, LMU Munich, 80802 Munich, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Flora","family":"De\u00e1k","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, University Hospital, LMU Munich, 80802 Munich, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Friedrich","family":"Riess","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, University Hospital, LMU Munich, 80802 Munich, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5581-885X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Max","family":"Diefenbach","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, University Hospital, LMU Munich, 80802 Munich, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tabea","family":"Eser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, University Hospital, LMU Munich, 80802 Munich, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Franz","family":"Weinauer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"BRK-Blutspendedienst, 80336 Munich, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Silke","family":"Martin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"BRK-Blutspendedienst, 80336 Munich, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ernst-Markus","family":"Quenzel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"BRK-Blutspendedienst, 80336 Munich, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marc","family":"Becker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory Becker and colleagues, F\u00fchrichstr. 70, 81671 M\u00fcnchen, Germany"},{"name":"Department of Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, University Hospital, LMU Munich Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich, Goethestr. 70, 80336 Munich, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"J\u00fcrgen","family":"Durner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory Becker and colleagues, F\u00fchrichstr. 70, 81671 M\u00fcnchen, Germany"},{"name":"Department of Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, University Hospital, LMU Munich Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich, Goethestr. 70, 80336 Munich, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Philipp","family":"Girl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bundeswehr Institute of Microbiology, 80937 Munich, Germany"},{"name":"German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner site Munich, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2890-7515","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Katharina","family":"M\u00fcller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bundeswehr Institute of Microbiology, 80937 Munich, Germany"},{"name":"German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner site Munich, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Katja","family":"Radon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Comprehensive Pneumology Center (CPC) Munich, German Center for Lung Research (DZL), 80337 Munich, Germany"},{"name":"Center for International Health (CIH), University Hospital, LMU Munich, 80336 Munich, Germany"},{"name":"Institute and Outpatient Clinic for Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, University Hospital, LMU Munich, 80336 Munich, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3565-8315","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christiane","family":"Fuchs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Mathematics, Technische Universit\u00e4t M\u00fcnchen, 85748 Garching, Germany"},{"name":"Department of Business Administration and Economics, Bielefeld University, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany"},{"name":"Institute of Computational Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum M\u00fcnchen, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany"},{"name":"Core Facility Statistical Consulting, Helmholtz Zentrum M\u00fcnchen, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8756-7821","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Roman","family":"W\u00f6lfel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bundeswehr Institute of Microbiology, 80937 Munich, Germany"},{"name":"German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner site Munich, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4935-3312","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jan","family":"Hasenauer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Mathematics, Technische Universit\u00e4t M\u00fcnchen, 85748 Garching, Germany"},{"name":"Institute of Computational Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum M\u00fcnchen, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany"},{"name":"Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Bonn, 53113 Bonn, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Hoelscher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for International Health (CIH), University Hospital, LMU Munich, 80336 Munich, Germany"},{"name":"German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner site Munich, Germany"},{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, University Hospital, LMU Munich, 80802 Munich, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andreas","family":"Wieser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner site Munich, Germany"},{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, University Hospital, LMU Munich, 80802 Munich, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"name":"on behalf of the KoCo19-Study Group","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"345","reference":[{"key":"R1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30183-5"},{"key":"R2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-020-0913-5"},{"key":"R3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-020-00301-9"},{"key":"R4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2020.06.024"},{"key":"R5","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 diagnostic pipeline","year":"2020"},{"key":"R6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-18450-4"},{"key":"R7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7326\/M20-2854"},{"key":"R8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2020.104512"},{"key":"R9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2020.104480"},{"key":"R10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2020.104540"},{"key":"R11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(20)30634-4"},{"key":"R12","article-title":"Diagnostic performances and thresholds: the key to harmonization in serological SARS-CoV-2 assays?","author":"Plebani","year":"2020","journal-title":"medRxiv"},{"key":"R13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-020-09164-9"},{"key":"R14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18073572"},{"key":"R15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/cclm-2020-1183"},{"key":"R16","first-page":"1165","article-title":"The control of the false discovery rate in multiple testing under dependency","author":"Benjamini","year":"2001","journal-title":"Ann Stat"},{"key":"R17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2020.05.036","article-title":"Clinical evaluation of serological IgG antibody response on the Abbott Architect for established SARS-CoV-2 infection","volume":"26","author":"Chew","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clinical microbiology and infection: the official publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases"},{"key":"R18","article-title":"Stringent thresholds for SARS-CoV-2 IgG assays result in under-detection of cases reporting loss of taste\/smell","author":"Eyre","year":"2020","journal-title":"medRxiv"},{"key":"R19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2006100"},{"key":"R20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-020-0897-1"},{"key":"R21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-020-0965-6"},{"key":"R22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)31483-5","article-title":"Prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 in Spain (ENE-COVID): a nationwide, population-based seroepidemiological study","author":"Poll\u00e1n","year":"2020","journal-title":"The Lancet"},{"key":"R23","article-title":"Seroprevalence of COVID-19 virus infection in Guilan province, Iran","author":"Shakiba","year":"2020","journal-title":"medRxiv"},{"key":"R24","article-title":"Infection fatality rate of SARS-CoV-2 infection in a German community with a super-spreading event","author":"Streeck","year":"2020","journal-title":"medRxiv"},{"key":"R25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)31304-0"},{"key":"R26","article-title":"Performance of abbott architect, ortho vitros, and euroimmun assays in detecting prior SARS-CoV-2 infection","author":"Mahajan","journal-title":"medRxiv"},{"key":"R27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41564-020-00813-8"},{"key":"R28","article-title":"Longitudinal evaluation and decline of antibody responses in SARS-CoV-2 infection","author":"Seow","year":"2020","journal-title":"medRxiv"},{"key":"R29","first-page":"1","article-title":"Clinical and immunological assessment of asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infections","author":"Long","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"R30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41564-020-00813-8"},{"key":"R31","article-title":"Dynamics of IgG seroconversion and pathophysiology of COVID-19 infections","author":"Staines","year":"2020","journal-title":"medRxiv"},{"key":"R32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-18387-8"},{"key":"R33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41587-020-0631-z"},{"key":"R34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-21111-9"},{"key":"R35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2020.05.077"},{"key":"R36","article-title":"Intrafamilial exposure to SARS-CoV-2 induces cellular immune response without seroconversion","author":"Gallais","year":"2020","journal-title":"medRxiv"},{"key":"R37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2607.200841"},{"key":"R38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2020.10.004"}],"container-title":["Journal of General Virology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.microbiologyresearch.org\/content\/journal\/jgv\/10.1099\/jgv.0.001653?crawler=true&mimetype=application\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,14]],"date-time":"2023-12-14T18:25:09Z","timestamp":1702578309000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.microbiologyresearch.org\/content\/journal\/jgv\/10.1099\/jgv.0.001653"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,1]]},"references-count":38,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1099\/jgv.0.001653","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1101\/2021.01.13.21249735","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["0022-1317","1465-2099"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0022-1317","type":"print"},{"value":"1465-2099","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,1]]}}}