{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,15]],"date-time":"2026-01-15T23:09:21Z","timestamp":1768518561686,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"Microbiology Society","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,5]],"date-time":"2021-11-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1636070400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"narodowe centrum nauki","award":["2018\/29\/B\/NZ6\/01659"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018\/29\/B\/NZ6\/01659"]}]},{"name":"narodowe centrum bada\u0144 i rozwoju","award":["SZPITALE-JEDNOIMIENNE\/48\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SZPITALE-JEDNOIMIENNE\/48\/2020"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has spread globally; recognition of immune responses to this virus will be crucial for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) control, prevention and treatment. We comprehensively analysed IgG and IgA antibody responses to the SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid protein (N), spike protein domain 1 (S1) and envelope protein (E) in: SARS-CoV-2-infected patient, healthy, historical and pre-epidemic samples, including patients\u2019 medical, epidemiological and diagnostic data, virus-neutralizing capability and kinetics. N-specific IgG and IgA are the most reliable diagnostic targets for infection. Serum IgG levels correlate to IgA levels. Half a year after infection, anti-N and anti-S1 IgG decreased, but sera preserved virus-inhibitory potency; thus, testing for IgG may underestimate the protective potential of antibodies. Historical and pre-epidemic sera did not inhibit SARS-CoV-2, thus its circulation before the pandemic and a protective role from antibodies pre-induced by other coronaviruses cannot be confirmed by this study<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1099\/jgv.0.001692","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,24]],"date-time":"2021-11-24T12:18:08Z","timestamp":1637756288000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["Antibodies specific to SARS-CoV-2 proteins N, S and E in COVID-19 patients in the normal population and in historical samples"],"prefix":"10.1099","volume":"102","author":[{"given":"Aleksander","family":"Szymczak","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Regional Specialist Hospital in Wroc\u0142aw, Research and Development Center, Wroc\u0142aw, Poland"},{"name":"Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Wroc\u0142aw, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Natalia","family":"J\u0119druchniewicz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Regional Specialist Hospital in Wroc\u0142aw, Research and Development Center, Wroc\u0142aw, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3629-5149","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alessandro","family":"Torelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"VisMederi Srl, Siena, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Agata","family":"Kaczmarzyk-Radka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Regional Specialist Hospital in Wroc\u0142aw, Research and Development Center, Wroc\u0142aw, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rosa","family":"Coluccio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"VisMederi Srl, Siena, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marlena","family":"K\u0142ak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Regional Specialist Hospital in Wroc\u0142aw, Research and Development Center, Wroc\u0142aw, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4966-9771","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrzej","family":"Konieczny","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nephrology and Transplantation Medicine, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Stanis\u0142aw","family":"Ferenc","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Regional Specialist Hospital in Wroc\u0142aw, Research and Development Center, Wroc\u0142aw, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wojciech","family":"Witkiewicz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"VisMederi Srl, Siena, Italy"},{"name":"Regional Specialist Hospital in Wroc\u0142aw, Research and Development Center, Wroc\u0142aw, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7595-4974","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emanuele","family":"Montomoli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular and Developmental Medicine, University of Siena, Siena, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4592-3741","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paulina","family":"Miernikiewicz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Wroc\u0142aw, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1247-8709","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Remigiusz","family":"B\u0105chor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Chemistry, University of Wroclaw, Wroclaw, Poland"},{"name":"Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Wroc\u0142aw, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Krystyna","family":"D\u0105browska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Wroc\u0142aw, Poland"},{"name":"Regional Specialist Hospital in Wroc\u0142aw, Research and Development Center, Wroc\u0142aw, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"345","reference":[{"key":"R1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12967-020-02534-2"},{"key":"R2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abe5901"},{"key":"R3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tim.2016.09.001"},{"key":"R4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2020.10.102"},{"key":"R5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7326\/M20-3012"},{"key":"R6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pulmoe.2021.03.008"},{"key":"R7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2021.02.007"},{"key":"R8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/all.14364"},{"key":"R9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/sji.13043"},{"key":"R10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2665-2"},{"key":"R11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2020.587269"},{"key":"R12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00647-20","article-title":"The nucleocapsid pnucleocapsid protein of sars-cov-2: a target for vaccine dtarget for vaccine development","volume":"94","author":"Dutta","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"R13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/MCB.00185-21"},{"key":"R14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1009225"},{"key":"R15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2020.584251"},{"key":"R16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/jgv.0.001584"},{"key":"R17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micinf.2005.02.006"},{"key":"R18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0403492101"},{"key":"R19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(20)30196-1"},{"key":"R20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2020.110049"},{"key":"R21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.it.2020.08.002"},{"key":"R22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.it.2020.03.007"},{"key":"R23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abb5793"},{"key":"R24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2007.10.064"},{"key":"R25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.01056-13"},{"key":"R26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7326\/M20-2854"},{"key":"R27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.142386"},{"key":"R28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2571-7"},{"key":"R29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22031308"},{"key":"R30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.708523"},{"key":"R31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/22221751.2020.1823890"}],"container-title":["Journal of General Virology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.microbiologyresearch.org\/content\/journal\/jgv\/10.1099\/jgv.0.001692?crawler=true&mimetype=application\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,14]],"date-time":"2023-12-14T21:29:07Z","timestamp":1702589347000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.microbiologyresearch.org\/content\/journal\/jgv\/10.1099\/jgv.0.001692"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,5]]},"references-count":31,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,5]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1099\/jgv.0.001692","relation":{},"ISSN":["0022-1317","1465-2099"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0022-1317","type":"print"},{"value":"1465-2099","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,5]]}}}