{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,28]],"date-time":"2025-09-28T12:50:47Z","timestamp":1759063847909,"version":"3.40.5"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"Microbiology Society","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,5]],"date-time":"2023-04-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1680652800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004359","name":"Vetenskapsr\u00e5det","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["2016-02606"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2016-02606"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004359","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Svenska Forskningsr\u00e5det Formas","award":["2016-00790"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2016-00790"]}]},{"name":"Family Olinder Nielsen's Foundation"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The neuraminidase inhibitor (NAI) oseltamivir is stockpiled globally as part of influenza pandemic preparedness. However, oseltamivir carboxylate (OC) resistance develops in avian influenza virus (AIV) infecting mallards exposed to environmental-like OC concentrations, suggesting that environmental resistance is a real concern. Herein we used an <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic> model to investigate if avian influenza H1N1 with the OC-resistant mutation NA-H274Y (51833\/H274Y) as compared to the wild-type (wt) strain (51833\u2009\/wt) could transmit from mallards, which would potentially be exposed to environmentally contaminated environments, to and between chickens, thus posing a potential zoonotic risk of antiviral-resistant AIV. Regardless of whether the virus had the OC-resistant mutation or not, chickens became infected both through experimental infection, and following exposure to infected mallards. We found similar infection patterns between 51833\/wt and 51833\/H274Y such that, one chicken inoculated with 51833\/wt and three chickens inoculated with 51833\/H274Y were AIV positive in oropharyngeal samples more than 2\u2009days consecutively, indicating true infection, and one contact chicken exposed to infected mallards was AIV positive in faecal samples for 3 consecutive days (51833\/wt) and another contact chicken for 4 consecutive days (51833\/H274Y). Importantly, all positive samples from chickens infected with 51833\/H274Y retained the NA-H274Y mutation. However, none of the virus strains established sustained transmission in chickens, likely due to insufficient adaptation to the chicken host. Our results demonstrate that an OC-resistant avian influenza virus can transmit from mallards and replicate in chickens. NA-H274Y does not constitute a barrier to interspecies transmission per se, as the resistant virus did not show reduced replicative capacity compared to the wild-type counterpart. Thus, responsible use of oseltamivir and surveillance for resistance development is warranted to limit the risk of an OC-resistant pandemic strain.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1099\/jgv.0.001835","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,5]],"date-time":"2023-04-05T16:16:13Z","timestamp":1680711373000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["An oseltamivir-resistant avian H1N1 influenza A virus can transmit from mallards to chickens similarly to a wild-type strain: implications for the risk of resistance transmission to humans"],"prefix":"10.1099","volume":"104","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9708-513X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Erik","family":"Skog","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Zoonosis Science Center, Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marie","family":"Nykvist","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zoonosis 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