{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]],"date-time":"2026-08-17T23:50:36Z","timestamp":1787010636334,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"Microbiology Society","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,24]],"date-time":"2023-11-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1700784000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Science and Technology Council","award":["109-2313-B-005 -013 -MY3, 110-2327-B-005 -003 and 111-2327-B-005 -003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["109-2313-B-005 -013 -MY3, 110-2327-B-005 -003 and 111-2327-B-005 -003"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,24]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>How coronaviruses evolve by altering the structures of their full-length genome and defective viral genome (DVG) under dynamic selection pressures has not been studied. In this study, we aimed to experimentally identify the dynamic evolutionary patterns of the S protein sequence in the full-length genome and DVG under diverse selection pressures, including persistence, innate immunity and antiviral drugs. The evolutionary features of the S protein sequence in the full-length genome and in the DVG under diverse selection pressures are as follows: (i) the number of nucleotide (nt) mutations does not necessarily increase with the number of selection pressures; (ii) certain types of selection pressure(s) can lead to specific nt mutations; (iii) the mutated nt sequence can be reverted to the wild-type nt sequence under the certain type of selection pressure(s); (iv) the DVG can also undergo mutations and evolve independently of the full-length genome; and (v) DVG species are regulated during evolution under diverse selection pressures. The various evolutionary patterns of the S protein sequence in the full-length genome and DVG identified in this study may contribute to coronaviral fitness under diverse selection pressures.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1099\/jgv.0.001920","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,24]],"date-time":"2023-11-24T05:17:15Z","timestamp":1700803035000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Evolution of the coronavirus spike protein in the full-length genome and defective viral genome under diverse selection pressures"],"prefix":"10.1099","volume":"104","author":[{"given":"Ching-Hung","family":"Lin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate Institute of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 40227, Taiwan, ROC"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hon-Man-Herman","family":"Tam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Medicine, College 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