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Among them, Heliothis zea nudivirus 1 (HzNV-1) represents the rare case of a lepidopteran nudivirus inducing a sexual pathology. Studies about molecular pathological dynamics of HzNV-1 or other nudiviruses are scarce. Hence, this study aims to provide a transcriptomic profile of HzNV-1 in an ovary-derived cell line of <jats:italic>Helicoverpa zea<\/jats:italic> (HZ-AM1), during early (3, 6 and 9\u2009h post-infection) and advanced (12 and 24\u2009h post-infection) stages of infection. Total RNA was extracted from both virus- and mock-infected cells, and RNA-seq analysis was performed to examine both virus and host transcriptional dynamics. Hierarchical clustering was used to categorize viral genes, while differential gene expression analysis was utilized to pinpoint host genes that are significantly affected by the infection. Hierarchical clustering classified the 154 HzNV-1 genes into four temporal phases, with early phases mainly involving transcription and replication genes and later phases including genes for virion assembly. In addition, a novel viral promoter motif was identified in the upstream region of early-expressed genes. Host gene analysis revealed significant upregulation of heat shock protein genes and downregulation of histone genes. The identification of temporal patterns in viral gene expression enhances the molecular understanding of nudivirus pathology, while the identified differentially expressed host genes highlight the key pathways most hijacked by HzNV-1 infection.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1099\/jgv.0.002066","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,13]],"date-time":"2025-01-13T16:16:59Z","timestamp":1736785019000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Transcriptional dynamics during Heliothis zea nudivirus 1 infection in an ovarian cell line from Helicoverpa zea"],"prefix":"10.1099","volume":"106","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2190-1401","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jirka Manuel","family":"Petersen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut de Recherche sur la Biologie de lInsecte, UMR 7261 CNRS - Universit de Tours, 37200 Tours, France"},{"name":"Laboratory of Virology, Wageningen University and Research, 6708 PB Wageningen, 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