{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,21]],"date-time":"2026-05-21T14:06:49Z","timestamp":1779372409074,"version":"3.53.1"},"reference-count":65,"publisher":"Microbiology Society","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,13]],"date-time":"2025-06-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1749772800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Medical Research Council","award":["MR\/S009434\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MR\/S009434\/1"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,13]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Entry of\n                    <jats:italic>Zaire<\/jats:italic>\n                    e\n                    <jats:italic>bolavirus<\/jats:italic>\n                    (EBOV) into a host cell is a complex process requiring interactions between the viral glycoproteins (GPs) and cellular factors. These entry factors are cell-specific and can include cell surface lectins and phosphatidylserine receptors. Niemann\u2013Pick type C1 is critical to the late stage of the entry process. Entry has been demonstrated to be enhanced by interactions between the virion and surface-expressed lectins, which interact with carbohydrate moieties attached to the GP. In addition, soluble lectins, including mannose-binding lectin, can enhance entry\n                    <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                    . However, the mechanism of lectin-mediated enhancement remains to be defined. This study investigated the possibility that plant lectins,\n                    <jats:italic>Wisteria floribunda<\/jats:italic>\n                    agglutinin (WFA), soybean agglutinin (SBA) and\n                    <jats:italic>Galanthus nivalis<\/jats:italic>\n                    agglutinin (GNA), which possess different carbohydrate-binding specificities, influence EBOV entry. WFA was observed to potently enhance entry of lentiviral pseudotype viruses (PVs) expressing the GP of three\n                    <jats:italic>Ebolavirus<\/jats:italic>\n                    species [Zaire, Sudan (\n                    <jats:italic>Sudan ebolavirus<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) and Reston (\n                    <jats:italic>Reston ebolavirus<\/jats:italic>\n                    )], with the greatest impact on EBOV. SBA had a modest enhancing effect on entry that was specific to EBOV, whilst GNA had no impact on the entry of any of the\n                    <jats:italic>Ebolavirus<\/jats:italic>\n                    species. None of the lectins enhanced the entry of control PVs expressing the surface proteins of other RNA viruses tested. WFA was demonstrated to bind directly with the EBOV-GP via the glycans, and mutational analysis implicated N\n                    <jats:sup>238<\/jats:sup>\n                    as contributing to the interaction. Furthermore, enhancement was observed in both human and bat cell lines, indicating a highly conserved mechanism of action. We conclude that the binding of WFA to EBOV-GP through interactions including the glycan at N\n                    <jats:sup>238<\/jats:sup>\n                    results in GP alterations that enhance entry, providing evidence of a mechanism for lectin-mediated virus entry enhancement. Targeting lectin-ligand interactions presents a potential strategy for restricting\n                    <jats:italic>Ebolavirus<\/jats:italic>\n                    entry.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1099\/jgv.0.002120","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,6]],"date-time":"2025-06-06T09:16:57Z","timestamp":1749201417000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Wisteria floribunda agglutinin enhances Zaire ebolavirus entry through interactions at specific N-linked glycosylation sites on the virus glycoprotein complex"],"prefix":"10.1099","volume":"106","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8638-4628","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joshua D.","family":"Duncan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Chemistry, The University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK"},{"name":"School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, The University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK"},{"name":"Wolfson Centre for Global Virus Research, The University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9543-5469","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Monika","family":"Pathak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wolfson Centre for Global Virus Research, The University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK"},{"name":"School of Pharmacy, Biodiscovery Institute, The University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK"},{"name":"School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, The University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8432-2282","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Barnabas J.","family":"King","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wolfson Centre for Global Virus Research, The University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK"},{"name":"School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, The University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2369-723X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Holly","family":"Bamber","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wolfson Centre for Global Virus Research, The University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK"},{"name":"School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, The University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0314-0346","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paul","family":"Radford","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wolfson Centre for Global Virus Research, The University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK"},{"name":"School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, The University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2260-7340","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jayasree","family":"Dey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wolfson Centre for Global Virus Research, The University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK"},{"name":"School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, The University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-0397-6904","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Charlotte","family":"Richardson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, The University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1919-3952","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stuart","family":"Astbury","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nottingham Digestive Diseases Centre, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK"},{"name":"NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1710-1049","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Patrick","family":"McClure","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wolfson Centre for Global Virus Research, The University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK"},{"name":"NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham, UK"},{"name":"School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, The University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5773-8733","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jonathan K.","family":"Ball","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wolfson Centre for Global Virus Research, The University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK"},{"name":"School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, The University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK"},{"name":"Department of Tropical Disease Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, L3 5QA, UK"},{"name":"NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2461-4993","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Richard A.","family":"Urbanowicz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infection Biology and Microbiomes, Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, The University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1009-0823","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexander W.","family":"Tarr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wolfson Centre for Global Virus Research, The University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK"},{"name":"NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham, UK"},{"name":"School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, The University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"345","reference":[{"key":"R1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2023.106213"},{"key":"R2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(10)60667-8"},{"key":"R3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm6850a3"},{"key":"R4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(24)00129-3"},{"key":"R5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/0022-1317-82-12-2839"},{"key":"R6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature07082"},{"key":"R7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.01857-15"},{"key":"R8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsinfecdis.9b00296"},{"key":"R9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1110656"},{"key":"R10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature10348"},{"key":"R11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.02154-15"},{"key":"R12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2020.00048"},{"key":"R13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s42003-022-03767-1"},{"key":"R14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.94.26.14764"},{"key":"R15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.76.13.6841-6844.2002"},{"key":"R16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/viro.2002.1730"},{"key":"R17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.02379"},{"key":"R18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules20022229"},{"key":"R19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2017.06.028"},{"key":"R20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1103786"},{"key":"R21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.00276-11"},{"key":"R22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/jmm.0.000935"},{"key":"R23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13238-010-0088-9"},{"key":"R24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000362209"},{"key":"R25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.77.2.1337-1346.2003"},{"key":"R26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.78.6.2943-2947.2004"},{"key":"R27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.adr6140"},{"key":"R28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/520607"},{"key":"R29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/vir.0.81199-0"},{"key":"R30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiq025"},{"key":"R31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0060838"},{"key":"R32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00232-16"},{"key":"R33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10719-020-09942-y"},{"key":"R34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/3750646"},{"key":"R35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0923-2516(96)80581-4"},{"key":"R36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2015.09.056"},{"key":"R37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0007595"},{"key":"R38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.72.8.6442-6447.1998"},{"key":"R39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M116.750463"},{"key":"R40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/bi00190a001"},{"key":"R41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0021-9258(19)35413-4"},{"key":"R42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2016.10.013"},{"key":"R43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/jgv.0.000537"},{"key":"R44","first-page":"3858","article-title":"Growth of human hepatoma cells lines with differentiated functions in chemically defined medium","volume":"42","author":"Nakabayashi","year":"1982","journal-title":"Cancer Res"},{"key":"R45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4161\/mabs.1.1.7492"},{"key":"R46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-024-07783-5"},{"key":"R47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.52555"},{"key":"R48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1743-422X-8-248"},{"key":"R49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jir306"},{"key":"R50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/438575a"},{"key":"R51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2016.10.014"},{"key":"R52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2017.02.002"},{"key":"R53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.03616-20"},{"key":"R54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.00862-13"},{"key":"R55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2016.12.010"},{"key":"R56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.11785"},{"key":"R57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2015.12.044"},{"key":"R58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-71225-1"},{"key":"R59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1184362"},{"key":"R60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.78.2.999-1005.2004"},{"key":"R61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M116.768168"},{"key":"R62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.76.24.12463-12472.2002"},{"key":"R63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1260419"},{"key":"R64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-41132-w"},{"key":"R65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2010.10.136"}],"container-title":["Journal of General Virology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.microbiologyresearch.org\/content\/journal\/jgv\/10.1099\/jgv.0.002120?crawler=true&mimetype=application\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,21]],"date-time":"2026-05-21T13:16:39Z","timestamp":1779369399000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.microbiologyresearch.org\/content\/journal\/jgv\/10.1099\/jgv.0.002120"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,13]]},"references-count":65,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,13]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1099\/jgv.0.002120","relation":{},"ISSN":["0022-1317","1465-2099"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0022-1317","type":"print"},{"value":"1465-2099","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,13]]}}}