{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]],"date-time":"2026-09-10T21:46:26Z","timestamp":1789076786747,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"Microbiology Society","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,31]],"date-time":"2025-07-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1753920000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001839","name":"University Grants Committee","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["T11-712\/19-N"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["T11-712\/19-N"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001839","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000060","name":"National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["75N93021C00016"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["75N93021C00016"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000060","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Innovation and Technology Commission - Hong Kong"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,31]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Recent studies have reported a genotype 4 (G4) reassortant Eurasian avian-like (EA) H1N1 virus in swine, demonstrating a potential pandemic threat in humans. Here, we have compared the tropism, replication competence and pro-inflammatory cytokine and chemokine induction of the two G4 EA H1N1 strains in parallel with 2009 pandemic H1N1 (H1N1\/pdm\/09) and A\/Quail\/HK\/G1\/1997 H9N2 (G1) using <jats:italic>ex vivo<\/jats:italic> culture of the human respiratory tract and <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic> culture of human peripheral blood-derived macrophages. Our results showed that G4 strains could replicate in <jats:italic>ex vivo<\/jats:italic> cultures of human lung and bronchus with a similar replication competence to H1N1\/pdm\/09. The cytokine induction levels of G4 were similar to H1N1\/pdm\/09 in macrophages. Taken together, we could extrapolate that the G4 EA H1N1 swine influenza may pose a notable public health threat towards human and should not underestimate this threat.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1099\/jgv.0.002133","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,31]],"date-time":"2025-07-31T16:16:03Z","timestamp":1753978563000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Evaluation of pandemic potential of the genotype 4 (G4) swine influenza virus using ex vivo and in vitro cultures of the human respiratory tract"],"prefix":"10.1099","volume":"106","author":[{"given":"Jenny C.M.","family":"Chan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Immunology and Infection (C2i), Hong Kong Science Park, Hong Kong SAR, PR China"},{"name":"School of Public Health, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, PR China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rachel H.H.","family":"Ching","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Immunology and Infection (C2i), Hong Kong Science Park, Hong Kong SAR, PR China"},{"name":"School of Public Health, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, PR China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hermione H.M.","family":"Kock","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Health, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, PR China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6194-7885","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Teng","family":"Long","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Immunology and Infection (C2i), Hong Kong Science Park, Hong Kong SAR, PR China"},{"name":"School of Public Health, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, PR China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7217-7444","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"John M.","family":"Nicholls","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, School of Clinical Medicine, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong SAR, PR China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8217-5995","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"J.S. 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