{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T14:53:28Z","timestamp":1787064808865,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"Microbiology Society","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,23]],"date-time":"2026-01-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769126400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000923","name":"Australian Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["160103963"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["160103963"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000923","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,23]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Coronaviruses evolve rapidly, with recombination and mutation fostering the emergence of variant strains. The avian coronavirus infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) is an important poultry pathogen and a valuable natural model for studying coronaviruses. Australian strains have evolved independently of those infecting chickens elsewhere in the world, so understanding the biology and evolution of these strains can further our understanding of factors driving the emergence of novel coronaviruses. We infected groups of specific pathogen-free Leghorn chickens with six Australian IBVs (from five distinct genotypes) isolated between 1962 and 2013. All six affected the respiratory tract, but only one was nephropathogenic (N1\/62). All six induced significant lesions and actively replicated in the upper respiratory tract, but they had lower levels of replication and induced less severe lesions in the middle and lower trachea. There were significant differences between the six strains in the severity of the lesions they induced and in their tissue tropism and effect on tracheal ciliary motility. Strains N1\/62 (strain T) and N1\/03 caused the most severe tracheal ciliostasis and replicated to the highest levels in tissues. Strain N1\/03 caused the most severe lesions at 9\u2009days post-infection. Only strain N1\/03 caused lesions in the lower trachea. Overall, strains N1\/03 and N1\/62 were the most virulent. This study is the first to characterize the histological changes induced by the recently isolated Australian IBVs and compare them directly with older strains. Recombination between field and vaccine strains of IBV has yielded emergent IBVs in Australia that appear to have enhanced virulence for the respiratory tract.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1099\/jgv.0.002213","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,23]],"date-time":"2026-01-23T15:16:52Z","timestamp":1769181412000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Australian strains of the avian coronavirus infectious bronchitis virus predominantly target the respiratory tract rather than the kidneys in specific-pathogen-free chickens"],"prefix":"10.1099","volume":"107","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3194-9783","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jose A.","family":"Quinteros","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Asia-Pacific Centre for Animal Health, Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Science, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, 3010, Victoria, Australia"},{"name":"Poultry Research Foundation, Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Camden, 2570, New South Wales, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4308-8618","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Panayiotis","family":"Loukopoulos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Asia-Pacific Centre for Animal Health, Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Science, The University of Melbourne, Werribee, 3030, Victoria, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1315-7045","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amir H.","family":"Noormohammadi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Asia-Pacific Centre for Animal Health, Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Science, The University of Melbourne, Werribee, 3030, Victoria, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0903-2469","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Glenn F.","family":"Browning","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Asia-Pacific Centre for Animal Health, Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Science, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, 3010, Victoria, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4344-9532","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mauricio J. 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