{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,8]],"date-time":"2026-06-08T14:29:23Z","timestamp":1780928963014,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"Microbiology Society","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,2]],"date-time":"2026-02-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769990400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Nature Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["92269112,92569203"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["92269112,92569203"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004735","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Hunan Province","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["2024JJ2069"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024JJ2069"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004735","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Scientific Research Project of Changsha Municipal Health Commission","award":["KJ-202510"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KJ-202510"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Objective.<\/jats:bold>\n                    This study aims to characterize the 20-year trends in human immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV-1) subtypes and circulating recombinant forms (CRFs) in China, as well as patterns of transmitted drug resistance (TDR) to antiretroviral therapies commonly used in clinical practice.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Methods.<\/jats:bold>\n                    We analysed HIV-1 sequences from 81,563 individuals living in China between 2003 and 2024. Subtypes and CRFs were classified using COMET V2.4. Among these,\n                    <jats:italic>pol<\/jats:italic>\n                    gene sequences from 41,486 treatment-na\u00efve individuals were used to assess TDR via the Stanford HIVdb genotypic resistance interpretation program.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Results.<\/jats:bold>\n                    Over the past two decades, CRF01_AE (43.9%) was the most prevalent HIV-1 strain in China, followed by CRF07_BC (19.0%), subtype B (12.3%), subtype C (8.4%) and CRF08_B (4.9%). However, subtype and CRF distributions varied considerably across provinces. CRF01_AE predominated in provinces such as Liaoning (92.4%), Guangxi (58.7%), Beijing (47.7%) and Hainan (44.8%), while CRF07_BC was dominant in Sichuan (63.6%), Chongqing (53.2%) and Xinjiang (82.7%). TDR analysis revealed elevated resistance to non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors in certain provinces, including Yunnan (12.4%), Xinjiang (8.2%), Anhui (7.6%) and Henan (6.7%). In contrast, resistance to nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors and integrase inhibitors remained low (&lt;1%) across all regions. Notably, the TDR rate exceeded 5% for several regimens freely provided in China, including AZT+3TC+NVP (6.8%), AZT+3TC+RPV (8.0%), AZT+3TC+EFV (6.4%), TDF+3TC+NVP (6.0%), TDF+3TC+RPV (7.2%) and TDF+3TC+EFV (5.7%).\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Conclusion.<\/jats:bold>\n                    Continued surveillance of HIV-1 genotypes and CRFs is critical, particularly in regions where routine genotypic testing is not implemented. Personalized antiretroviral regimens are urgently needed in regions with high levels of TDR.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1099\/jgv.0.002217","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,2]],"date-time":"2026-02-02T17:17:20Z","timestamp":1770052640000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Geographical and temporal trends of HIV-1 subtypes and drug resistance in China: a nationwide study over two decades (2003\u20132024)"],"prefix":"10.1099","volume":"107","author":[{"given":"Bin","family":"Xie","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Clinical Epidemiology, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, PR China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhenggang","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Clinical Epidemiology, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, PR 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