{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,3]],"date-time":"2026-07-03T17:16:16Z","timestamp":1783098976722,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"Microbiology Society","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,3]],"date-time":"2026-07-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1783036800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Innovation and Technology Commission - Hong Kong"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001839","name":"University Grants Committee","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["T11-705\/14N, T11-705\/21-N"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["T11-705\/14N, T11-705\/21-N"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001839","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    The emergence of animal influenza viruses circulating in poultry and human populations poses a significant public health threat, yet current risk assessment tools that connect surveillance data to human transmission risk and disease severity are lacking. To address this, we employed a semi-quantitative approach to analyze virus tropism and replication competence, conducting risk assessments of influenza and coronavirus adaptation to human transmission in an\n                    <jats:italic>ex vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                    model, and evaluating virus-induced impairment of alveolar fluid clearance (AFC)\n                    <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                    as a correlation of disease severity. Our results showed that seasonal influenza A H1N1, H3N2, influenza B, MERS-CoV, and SARS-CoV exhibited productive viral replication and tissue infection in bronchial tissues, whereas wild bird surveillance isolates such as H5N3 and H7N1 showed minimal replication when compared to pandemic H1N1 and highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N1. Notably, differential lung viral replication and tissue tropism were detected for H5N6 and H9N2. HPAI H5N1, H7N9, MERS-CoV, and SARS-CoV caused more severe AFC impairment than seasonal H1N1, H3N2, and influenza B viruses, correlating with their clinical severity. Overall, these findings revealed an important association between viral tropism and human transmissibility in\n                    <jats:italic>ex vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                    explants, as well as the impairment of AFC\n                    <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                    , which aligns with the clinical manifestations of disease severity across different viral strains.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1099\/jgv.0.002281","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,3]],"date-time":"2026-07-03T16:16:33Z","timestamp":1783095393000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Assessment of influenza virus and coronavirus tropism, replication competence and disease severity in ex vivo and in vitro cultures of the human respiratory tract"],"prefix":"10.1099","volume":"107","author":[{"given":"Denise I.T.","family":"Kuok","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Health, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, PR China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Angel P.Y.","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Immunology and Infection (C2i), Hong Kong Science Park, Hong Kong, PR China"},{"name":"School of Public Health, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, PR China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rachel H.H.","family":"Ching","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Immunology and Infection (C2i), Hong Kong Science Park, Hong Kong, PR China"},{"name":"School of Public Health, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, PR China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ka Chun","family":"Ng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Health, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, PR China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jae W.","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology, University of California, Los Angeles, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael A.","family":"Matthay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine and Anesthesiology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yi","family":"Guan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Health, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, PR China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John M.","family":"Nicholls","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, School of Clinical Medicine, LKS Faculty of Medicine, Queen Mary Hospital, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, PR China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leo L.M.","family":"Poon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Immunology and Infection (C2i), Hong Kong Science Park, Hong Kong, PR China"},{"name":"School of Public Health, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, PR China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J.S. Malik","family":"Peiris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Immunology and Infection (C2i), Hong Kong Science Park, Hong Kong, PR China"},{"name":"School of Public Health, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, PR China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kenrie P.Y.","family":"Hui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Immunology and Infection (C2i), Hong Kong Science Park, Hong Kong, PR China"},{"name":"School of Public Health, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, PR China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8174-8405","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michael C.W.","family":"Chan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Health, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, PR China"},{"name":"Centre for Immunology and Infection (C2i), Hong Kong Science 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