{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,13]],"date-time":"2025-12-13T07:11:26Z","timestamp":1765609886145},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"Microbiology Society","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,1]],"date-time":"2018-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1543622400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                  <jats:bold>Purpose.<\/jats:bold> We assessed the fast-acting bactericidal activity and substantivity of olanexidine gluconate (OLG) to investigate its remaining bactericidal activity on the skin after rinsing and drying by using an <jats:italic>ex vivo<\/jats:italic> Yucatan micropig (YMP) skin model.<\/jats:p>\n               <jats:p>\n                  <jats:bold>Methodology.<\/jats:bold> The fast-acting bactericidal activity was evaluated in pigskin models inoculated with methicillin-resistant <jats:italic>Staphylococcus aureus<\/jats:italic> (MRSA), <jats:italic>Staphylococcus epidermidis<\/jats:italic>, vancomycin-resistant <jats:italic>Enterococcus faecalis<\/jats:italic> (VRE), <jats:italic>Acinetobacter baumannii<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>Corynebacterium minutissimum<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Cutibacterium acnes<\/jats:italic>. To evaluate substantivity, the YMP skin piece first had 1.5\u200a% OLG, chlorhexidine gluconate (CHG) formulations or 10\u200a% povidone\u2013iodine (PVP-I) applied to it, and was then rinsed with distilled water, incubated for 4, 6, 8 or 12\u2009h and inoculated with the test bacteria (MRSA, <jats:italic>S. epidermidis<\/jats:italic> and VRE). The viable bacteria remaining at 1\u2009min of exposure of bacteria were counted to measure the quantity of antiseptic molecules retaining bactericidal activity. To determine the factors contributing to the substantivity, the stratum corneum (SC) of the YMP skin that had had OLG or CHG applied to it was exfoliated using a tape-stripping method and the amount of antiseptic was quantitated.<\/jats:p>\n               <jats:p>\n                  <jats:bold>Results.<\/jats:bold> OLG showed a fast-acting bactericidal activity that was similar to or stronger than that of CHG formulations up to a concentration of 1\u200a% and PVP-I with a short exposure time of 30\u2009s, and substantivity until 12\u2009h after rinsing, whereas the other antiseptics hardly showed any substantivity. There was 2.8 times or more OLG in the SC than CHG.<\/jats:p>\n               <jats:p>\n                  <jats:bold>Conclusion.<\/jats:bold> OLG has fast-acting activity and substantivity, which are required properties for an antiseptic, and is useful for preventing infections.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1099\/jmm.0.000870","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,7]],"date-time":"2018-11-07T16:12:42Z","timestamp":1541607162000},"page":"1796-1803","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Evaluation of fast-acting bactericidal activity and substantivity of an antiseptic agent, olanexidine gluconate, using an ex vivo skin model"],"prefix":"10.1099","volume":"67","author":[{"given":"Hisae","family":"Nishioka","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Naruto Research Institute, Research and Development Center, Otsuka Pharmaceutical Factory, Inc., Naruto, Tokushima, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Akihiro","family":"Nagahama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Naruto Research Institute, Research and Development Center, Otsuka Pharmaceutical Factory, Inc., Naruto, Tokushima, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yasuhide","family":"Inoue","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Naruto Research Institute, Research and Development Center, Otsuka Pharmaceutical Factory, Inc., Naruto, Tokushima, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Akifumi","family":"Hagi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Naruto Research Institute, Research and Development Center, Otsuka Pharmaceutical Factory, Inc., Naruto, Tokushima, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"345","reference":[{"key":"R1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.05048-14"},{"key":"R2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/jmm.0.080861-0"},{"key":"R3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jmedchem.7b00010"},{"key":"R4","first-page":"789","article-title":"Safety and efficacy of the antiseptic chlorhexidine gluconate","volume":"143","author":"Rosenberg","year":"1976","journal-title":"Surg Gynecol Obstet"},{"key":"R5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0195-6701(97)90090-6"},{"key":"R6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"610","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.37.3.610-613.1979","article-title":"Comparative study on the antimicrobial effect of 0.5% chlorhexidine gluconate and 70% isopropyl alcohol on the normal flora of hands","volume":"37","author":"Aly","year":"1979","journal-title":"Appl Environ Microbiol"},{"key":"R7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.4.5941.369"},{"key":"R8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00129804-200505000-00008"},{"key":"R9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-60761-594-1_22"},{"key":"R10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0305-4179(01)00013-4"},{"key":"R11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.24.3.343-348.1986","article-title":"Pig skin as test substrate for evaluating topical antimicrobial activity","volume":"24","author":"Bush","year":"1986","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"R12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2004.06.030"},{"key":"R13","first-page":"687","article-title":"Hairless micropig skin. 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