{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]],"date-time":"2026-06-03T09:53:23Z","timestamp":1780480403401,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":16,"publisher":"Microbiology Society","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,1]]},"abstract":"\n Introduction.<\/jats:bold> Carbapenem-resistant \n \n Enterobacteriaceae<\/jats:ext-link>\n <\/jats:named-content>\n <\/jats:italic> (CRE) are an urgent threat in the USA and are associated with adverse clinical and economic outcomes. Several studies have evaluated risk factors for acquiring CRE versus carbapenem-susceptible \n \n Enterobacteriaceae<\/jats:ext-link>\n <\/jats:named-content>\n <\/jats:italic>, identifying antibiotic use and length of hospital stay as major players. However, no studies have compared risk factors for CRE colonization versus infection.<\/jats:p>\n \n Hypothesis\/Gap Statement.<\/jats:bold> Patients with CRE infection will have different risk factors and worse clinical outcomes than patients with CRE colonization.<\/jats:p>\n \n Aim.<\/jats:bold> To assess clinical outcomes in patients with CRE infection versus CRE colonization.<\/jats:p>\n \n Methodology.<\/jats:bold> A retrospective cohort of adult patients admitted between 1 June 2013 and 31 July 2018 with the first positive CRE culture from any source was performed. Patients were divided into two groups: CRE infection versus CRE colonization. Data collected included demographics, comorbidities, past antimicrobial usage and clinical outcomes (length of stay, in-hospital mortality). The primary outcome was infection-related length of stay. Data analysis was performed utilizing SPSS with a two-sided P<\/jats:italic> value of less than 0.05 considered statistically significant.<\/jats:p>\n \n Results.<\/jats:bold> A total of 56 patients were included (32 with infection; 24 with colonization). Baseline characteristics were similar between both groups. Infected patients were more likely to have higher actual body weight compared to colonized patients (P<\/jats:italic>=0.03). CRE-infected patients had a longer infection-related hospital stay [12\u2009days (5\u201320) and 7.5\u2009days (1\u201313), respectively; P<\/jats:italic>=0.08], but in-hospital mortality was similar between infected and colonized patients (37.5 and 29.2\u200a%, respectively; P<\/jats:italic>=0.30). Patients with infection were more likely to have previous exposure to levofloxacin (P<\/jats:italic>=0.02) and trimethoprim\/sulfamethoxazole (P<\/jats:italic>=0.03) for a median of 9\u2009days compared to those with colonization. The most common source of CRE in infected patients was the blood compared to respiratory sources in colonized patients.<\/jats:p>\n \n Conclusion.<\/jats:bold> CRE infection as opposed to colonization was more common in patients with previous exposure to levofloxacin and trimethoprim\/sulfamethoxazole and those with higher actual body weight.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1099\/jmm.0.001286","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,2]],"date-time":"2020-12-02T14:16:47Z","timestamp":1606918607000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Frequency of and risk factors for carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae"],"prefix":"10.1099","volume":"70","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8411-3111","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Katie E.","family":"Barber","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy Practice, University of Mississippi School of Pharmacy, 2500 North State Street, Jackson, MS, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6006-7894","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jamie L.","family":"Wagner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy Practice, University of Mississippi School of Pharmacy, 2500 North State Street, Jackson, MS, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rachel C.","family":"Larry","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy Practice, University of Mississippi School of Pharmacy, 2500 North State Street, Jackson, MS, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8635-0137","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kayla R.","family":"Stover","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy Practice, University of Mississippi School of Pharmacy, 2500 North State Street, Jackson, MS, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"345","reference":[{"key":"R1","article-title":"Antibiotic resistance threats in the United States","year":"2013"},{"key":"R2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/mdr.2017.0061"},{"key":"R3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-017-2383-z"},{"key":"R4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dku305"},{"key":"R5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s15010-014-0653-x"},{"key":"R6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciz974"},{"key":"R7","first-page":"00757","article-title":"The likelihood of developing a carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae infection during the hospital stay","author":"Tamma","year":"2019 May 28","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"R8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jiac.2016.07.006"},{"key":"R9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofz121"},{"key":"R10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0154599"},{"key":"R11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/675614"},{"key":"R12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/671270"},{"key":"R13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3346\/jkms.2019.34.e140"},{"key":"R14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10096-018-3438-9"},{"key":"R15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.01440-17"},{"key":"R16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofy094"}],"container-title":["Journal of Medical Microbiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.microbiologyresearch.org\/content\/journal\/jmm\/10.1099\/jmm.0.001286?crawler=true","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,1]],"date-time":"2021-03-01T08:12:29Z","timestamp":1614586349000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.microbiologyresearch.org\/content\/journal\/jmm\/10.1099\/jmm.0.001286"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,1]]},"references-count":16,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1099\/jmm.0.001286","relation":{},"ISSN":["0022-2615","1473-5644"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0022-2615","type":"print"},{"value":"1473-5644","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,1]]}}}