{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,16]],"date-time":"2026-06-16T02:14:17Z","timestamp":1781576057456,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"Microbiology Society","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,5]],"date-time":"2021-08-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1628121600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000925","name":"National Health and Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["454629"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["454629"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000925","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"The Royal Women's Hospital Foundation"},{"name":"The Angior Family Foundation, Melbourne, Australia"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,5]]},"abstract":"\n Introduction.<\/jats:bold> Probiotic supplementation of preterm infants may prevent serious morbidities associated with prematurity.<\/jats:p>\n \n Aim.<\/jats:bold> To investigate the impact of probiotic supplementation on the gut microbiota and determine factors associated with detection of probiotic species in the infant gut.<\/jats:p>\n \n Hypothesis\/Gap Statement.<\/jats:bold> Probiotic supplementation increases the long-term colonization of probiotic species in the gut of preterm infants.<\/jats:p>\n \n Methodology.<\/jats:bold> Longitudinal stool samples were collected from a cohort of very preterm infants participating in a blinded randomized controlled trial investigating the impact of probiotic supplementation (containing \n \n Bifidobacterium longum<\/jats:ext-link>\n <\/jats:named-content>\n <\/jats:italic> subsp. \n \n infantis<\/jats:ext-link>\n <\/jats:named-content>\n <\/jats:italic> BB-02, \n \n Bifidobacterium animalis<\/jats:ext-link>\n <\/jats:named-content>\n <\/jats:italic> subsp. \n \n lactis<\/jats:ext-link>\n <\/jats:named-content>\n <\/jats:italic> BB-12 and \n \n Streptococcus thermophilus<\/jats:ext-link>\n <\/jats:named-content>\n <\/jats:italic> TH-4) for prevention of late-onset sepsis. The presence of \n \n B. longum<\/jats:ext-link>\n <\/jats:named-content>\n <\/jats:italic> subsp. \n \n infantis<\/jats:ext-link>\n <\/jats:named-content>\n <\/jats:italic>, \n \n B. animalis<\/jats:ext-link>\n <\/jats:named-content>\n <\/jats:italic> subsp. \n \n lactis<\/jats:ext-link>\n <\/jats:named-content>\n <\/jats:italic> and \n \n S. thermophilus<\/jats:ext-link>\n <\/jats:named-content>\n <\/jats:italic> was determined for up to 23 months after supplementation ended using real-time PCR. Logistic regression was used to investigate the impact of probiotic supplementation on the presence of each species.<\/jats:p>\n \n Results.<\/jats:bold> Detection of \n \n B. longum<\/jats:ext-link>\n <\/jats:named-content>\n <\/jats:italic> subsp. \n \n infantis<\/jats:ext-link>\n <\/jats:named-content>\n <\/jats:italic> [odds ratio (OR): 53.1; 95\u200a% confidence interval (CI): 35.6\u201379.1; P<\/jats:italic> < 0.001], B. animalis subsp. \n \n lactis<\/jats:ext-link>\n <\/jats:named-content>\n <\/jats:italic>\n <\/jats:italic> (OR: 89.1; 95\u200a% CI: 59.0\u2013134.5; P<\/jats:italic> < 0.001) and \n \n S. thermophilus<\/jats:ext-link>\n <\/jats:named-content>\n <\/jats:italic> (OR: 5.66; 95\u200a% CI: 4.35\u20137.37; P<\/jats:italic> < 0.001) was increased during the supplementation period in infants receiving probiotic supplementation. Post-supplementation, probiotic-supplemented infants had increased detection of \n \n B. longum<\/jats:ext-link>\n <\/jats:named-content>\n <\/jats:italic> subsp. \n \n infantis<\/jats:ext-link>\n <\/jats:named-content>\n <\/jats:italic> (OR: 2.53; 95\u200a% CI: 1.64\u20133.90; P<\/jats:italic> < 0.001) and \n \n B. animalis<\/jats:ext-link>\n <\/jats:named-content>\n <\/jats:italic> subsp. \n \n lactis<\/jats:ext-link>\n <\/jats:named-content>\n <\/jats:italic> (OR: 1.59; 95\u200a% CI: 1.05\u20132.41; P<\/jats:italic>=0.030). Commencing probiotic supplementation before 5 days from birth was associated with increased detection of the probiotic species over the study period (\n \n B. longum<\/jats:ext-link>\n <\/jats:named-content>\n <\/jats:italic> subsp. infantis,<\/jats:italic> OR: 1.20; \n \n B. animalis<\/jats:ext-link>\n <\/jats:named-content>\n <\/jats:italic> subsp. lactis,<\/jats:italic> OR: 1.28; S. thermophilus,<\/jats:italic> OR: 1.45).<\/jats:p>\n \n Conclusion.<\/jats:bold> Probiotic supplementation with \n \n B. longum<\/jats:ext-link>\n <\/jats:named-content>\n <\/jats:italic> subsp. \n \n infantis<\/jats:ext-link>\n <\/jats:named-content>\n <\/jats:italic> BB-02, \n \n B. animalis<\/jats:ext-link>\n <\/jats:named-content>\n <\/jats:italic> subsp. \n \n lactis<\/jats:ext-link>\n <\/jats:named-content>\n <\/jats:italic> BB-12 and \n \n S. thermophilus<\/jats:ext-link>\n <\/jats:named-content>\n <\/jats:italic> TH-4 enhances the presence of probiotic species in the gut microbiota of very preterm infants during and after supplementation. Commencing probiotic supplementation shortly after birth may be important for improving the long-term colonization of probiotic species.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1099\/jmm.0.001403","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,25]],"date-time":"2021-08-25T14:17:26Z","timestamp":1629901046000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["The effect of probiotic supplementation on the gut microbiota of preterm infants"],"prefix":"10.1099","volume":"70","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5710-2671","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Erica L.","family":"Plummer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia"},{"name":"Infection & Immunity Theme, Murdoch Children\u2019s Research Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia"},{"name":"Centre for Women\u2019s Infectious Diseases Research, The Royal Women\u2019s Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, 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