{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,21]],"date-time":"2024-07-21T12:33:23Z","timestamp":1721565203800},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"Microbiology Society","issue":"10","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,6]]},"abstract":"\n Introduction.<\/jats:bold> The emergence of multidrug-resistant Salmonella Typhimurium<\/jats:italic> strains has increased the need for safe, alternative therapies from natural sources with antibacterial properties.<\/jats:p>\n \n Hypothesis\/Gap Statement.<\/jats:bold> There are no published data regarding the use of chitosan propolis nanocomposite (CPNP) either alone or in combination with antibiotics as antimicrobials against S. Typhimurium<\/jats:italic>, especially in Egypt.<\/jats:p>\n \n Aim.<\/jats:bold> This study evaluated the antibacterial activities of five antimicrobials [apramycin, propolis, chitosan nanoparticles (CNPs), chitosan propolis nanocomposite (CPNP) and CPNP +apramycin] against ten virulent and multidrug-resistant (MDR) S. Typhimurium<\/jats:italic> field strains recovered from diarrheic rabbits through in vitro<\/jats:italic> and in vivo<\/jats:italic> study.<\/jats:p>\n \n Methodology.<\/jats:bold> The expression levels of three virulence genes of S. Typhimurium<\/jats:italic> strains were determined by quantitative reverse-transcription PCR (RT-qPCR) after exposure to sub-inhibitory concentrations of apramycin, propolis, CNPs, CPNP alone, and CPNP +apramycin. Additionally, 90 New Zealand rabbits were divided into control and experimentally S. Typhimurium<\/jats:italic>-infected groups. The infected rabbits were orally administered saline solution (infected\u2013untreated); 10\u2009mg apramycin\/kg (infected\u2013apramycin-treated); 50\u2009mg propolis\/kg (infected\u2013propolis-treated); 15\u2009mg CPNP\/kg (infected\u2013CPNP-treated) and 15\u2009mg CPNP +10\u2009mg apramycin\/kg (infected\u2013CPNP +apramycin-treated) for 5\u2009days.<\/jats:p>\n \n Results.<\/jats:bold> The RT-qPCR analysis revealed different degrees of downregulation of all screened genes. Furthermore, the treatment of infected rabbits with CPNP or CPNP +apramycin significantly improved performance parameters, and total bacterial and \n \n Salmonella<\/jats:ext-link>\n <\/jats:named-content>\n <\/jats:italic> species counts, while also modulating both oxidative stress and altered liver and kidney parameters.<\/jats:p>\n \n Conclusion.<\/jats:bold> This work demonstrates the use of CPNP alone or in combination with apramycin in the treatment of S. Typhimurium<\/jats:italic> in rabbits.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1099\/jmm.0.001412","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,6]],"date-time":"2021-10-06T13:30:04Z","timestamp":1633527004000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Chitosan propolis nanocomposite alone or in combination with apramycin: an alternative therapy for multidrug-resistant Salmonella Typhimurium in rabbits: in vitro and in vivo study"],"prefix":"10.1099","volume":"70","author":[{"given":"Sawsan M. 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