{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,8]],"date-time":"2026-07-08T15:28:26Z","timestamp":1783524506717,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"Microbiology Society","issue":"10","funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["81902033"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["81902033"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,20]]},"abstract":"\n Introduction.<\/jats:bold> Biofilm formation and hemolysis are closely related to the pathogenicity of \n \n Staphylococcus aureus<\/jats:ext-link>\n <\/jats:named-content>\n <\/jats:italic>.<\/jats:p>\n \n Hypothesis\/Gap Statement.<\/jats:bold> Strategies that reduce the mortality of \n \n S. aureus<\/jats:ext-link>\n <\/jats:named-content>\n <\/jats:italic> infections may involve novel antimicrobials and\/or drugs that decrease \n \n S. aureus<\/jats:ext-link>\n <\/jats:named-content>\n <\/jats:italic> virulence, such as biofilm formation. The antiviral drug efavirenz is a non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor, which also has shown antibacterial effect on \n \n Bacillus subtilis<\/jats:ext-link>\n <\/jats:named-content>\n <\/jats:italic> and \n \n Escherichia coli<\/jats:ext-link>\n <\/jats:named-content>\n <\/jats:italic>. Its effect on pathogen virulence has not yet been explored.<\/jats:p>\n \n Aim.<\/jats:bold> This study investigates the antimicrobial and anti-virulence effect of efavirenz on \n \n S. aureus<\/jats:ext-link>\n <\/jats:named-content>\n <\/jats:italic>.<\/jats:p>\n \n Methodology.<\/jats:bold> Biofilm biomasses were detected by crystal violet staining. Hemolysis activities of \n \n S. aureus<\/jats:ext-link>\n <\/jats:named-content>\n <\/jats:italic> were determined by rabbit erythrocytes lysis assay. RNA levels of transcriptional regulatory genes, biofilm-related genes, and virulence-related genes of \n \n S. aureus<\/jats:ext-link>\n <\/jats:named-content>\n <\/jats:italic> were determined by RT-qPCR.<\/jats:p>\n \n Results.<\/jats:bold> Efavirenz showed an inhibitory effect on the growth of \n \n S. aureus<\/jats:ext-link>\n <\/jats:named-content>\n <\/jats:italic>, \n \n Enterococcus faecalis<\/jats:ext-link>\n <\/jats:named-content>\n <\/jats:italic> and \n \n Streptococcus agalactiae<\/jats:ext-link>\n <\/jats:named-content>\n <\/jats:italic> at 50\u2009\u00b5M. Efavirenz significantly inhibited biofilm formation of both methicillin-sensitive \n \n S. aureus<\/jats:ext-link>\n <\/jats:named-content>\n <\/jats:italic> (MSSA) and methicillin-resistant \n \n S. aureus<\/jats:ext-link>\n <\/jats:named-content>\n <\/jats:italic> (MRSA) at 25\u2009\u00b5M, but did not affect the growth of planktonic \n \n S. aureus<\/jats:ext-link>\n <\/jats:named-content>\n <\/jats:italic> cells. Moreover, hemolysis by \n \n S. aureus<\/jats:ext-link>\n <\/jats:named-content>\n <\/jats:italic> was inhibited by efavirenz at 25\u2009\u00b5M. The expression levels of RNA transcriptional regulatory genes (agrA<\/jats:italic>, agrC<\/jats:italic>, sigB<\/jats:italic>, saeR<\/jats:italic> and saeS<\/jats:italic>), biofilm-related genes (cidA<\/jats:italic>, clfA<\/jats:italic>, clfB<\/jats:italic>, fnbA<\/jats:italic>, fnbB<\/jats:italic>), and virulence-related genes (hla<\/jats:italic>, hld<\/jats:italic>, staphopain B, alpha-3 PSM<\/jats:italic>, beta PSM<\/jats:italic>, delta PSM<\/jats:italic>) of \n \n S. aureus<\/jats:ext-link>\n <\/jats:named-content>\n <\/jats:italic> decreased significantly at 25\u2009\u00b5M efavirenz.<\/jats:p>\n \n Conclusion.<\/jats:bold> Efavirenz inhibits \n \n S. aureus<\/jats:ext-link>\n <\/jats:named-content>\n <\/jats:italic> biofilm formation and virulence in vitro<\/jats:italic>.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1099\/jmm.0.001433","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,25]],"date-time":"2021-10-25T12:45:19Z","timestamp":1635165919000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["The antiviral drug efavirenz reduces biofilm formation and hemolysis by Staphylococcus aureus"],"prefix":"10.1099","volume":"70","author":[{"given":"Hongyan","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases and the Key Lab of Endogenous Infection, Shenzhen Nanshan People\u2019s Hospital and The 6th Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen 518052, PR China"},{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases and the Key Lab of Endogenous Infection, Huazhong University of Science and Technology Union Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen 518052, PR 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