{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T23:28:50Z","timestamp":1785454130333,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"Microbiology Society","issue":"10","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,19]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                  <jats:bold>Introduction<\/jats:bold>\n               <\/jats:p>\n               <jats:p>Pigeon droppings are among the major environmental sources of <jats:italic>Cryptococcus neoformans<\/jats:italic> AFLP1\/VNI<jats:italic>,<\/jats:italic> from where the organism infects susceptible humans and animals resulting in cryptococcosis. Until now, <jats:italic>C. neoformans<\/jats:italic> AFLP1B\/VNII was the only molecular type reported in Nigeria. Effective clinical treatment of this infection has occasionally been stymied by the emergence of antifungal non-susceptible, and resistant strains of <jats:italic>C. neoformans<\/jats:italic> AFLP1\/VNI.<\/jats:p>\n               <jats:p>\n                  <jats:bold>Hypothesis\/Gap Statement<\/jats:bold>\n               <\/jats:p>\n               <jats:p>Pigeon droppings harbour <jats:italic>C. neoformans<\/jats:italic> and HIV\/AIDS patients are among the susceptible population to develop cryptococcal infection. Epidemiological data on cryptococcal prevalence is limited in Nigeria.<\/jats:p>\n               <jats:p>\n                  <jats:bold>Aim<\/jats:bold>\n               <\/jats:p>\n               <jats:p>To investigate the environmental prevalence of <jats:italic>C. neoformans<\/jats:italic> in South-eastern Nigeria and compare the isolates with other lineages by using molecular and microbiological tools.<\/jats:p>\n               <jats:p>\n                  <jats:bold>Methodology<\/jats:bold>\n               <\/jats:p>\n               <jats:p>A total of 500 pigeon droppings and 300 blood samples of HIV\/AIDS patients were collected, respectively, from five market squares and three tertiary healthcare centres within the Nsukka area of South-eastern Nigeria. The antifungal susceptibility of the <jats:italic>C. neoformans<\/jats:italic> isolates to amphotericin B, fluconazole, 5-fluorocytosine, itraconazole, voriconazole, posaconazole, and isavuconazole was investigated based on the CLSI M27-A3 protocol. Yeasts were identified by MALDI-TOF MS, thereafter <jats:italic>Cryptococcus<\/jats:italic> MLST was performed according to the International Society for Human and Animal Mycology (ISHAM) consensus scheme.<\/jats:p>\n               <jats:p>\n                  <jats:bold>Results<\/jats:bold>\n               <\/jats:p>\n               <jats:p>\n                  <jats:italic>C. neoformans<\/jats:italic> was recovered from 6 (1.2 %) pigeon droppings and 6 (2 %) blood cultures of HIV\/AIDS patients. Molecular analyses indicated that all cryptococcal isolates belong to serotype A and the AFLP1\/VNI molecular type with sequence type (ST)32. Infection with <jats:italic>C. neoformans<\/jats:italic> was independent of sex and age of the patients investigated. All <jats:italic>C. neoformans<\/jats:italic> isolates were susceptible to the seven antifungal agents.<\/jats:p>\n               <jats:p>\n                  <jats:bold>Conclusion<\/jats:bold>\n               <\/jats:p>\n               <jats:p>This is the first report on the prevalence of <jats:italic>C. neoformans<\/jats:italic> AFLP1\/VNI (ST32) in environmental and clinical samples from Nigeria. The antifungal susceptibility indicates that antifungal resistance by <jats:italic>C. neoformans<\/jats:italic> is yet a rare occurrence in Nigeria.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1099\/jmm.0.001440","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,19]],"date-time":"2021-10-19T16:00:05Z","timestamp":1634659205000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Multi-locus sequence typing reveals genotypic similarity in Nigerian Cryptococcus neoformans AFLP1\/VNI of environmental and clinical origin"],"prefix":"10.1099","volume":"70","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8331-2576","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paul E.","family":"Chidebelu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu State, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4432-0885","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emeka I.","family":"Nweze","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cleveland State University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA"},{"name":"Department of Microbiology, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu State, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3253-6080","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jacques F.","family":"Meis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre of Expertise in Mycology RadboudUMC\/CWZ, Nijmegen, The Netherlands"},{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Canisius\u2013Wilhelmina Hospital (CWZ), Nijmegen, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6842-4817","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Massimo","family":"Cogliati","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio di Micologia Medica, Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche per la Salute, Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5622-1916","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ferry","family":"Hagen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands"},{"name":"Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, Utrecht, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"345","reference":[{"key":"R1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/675213"},{"key":"R2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fgb.2015.02.009"},{"key":"R3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11046-016-9996-4"},{"key":"R4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1590\/S0036-46652015000400004"},{"key":"R5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00542-09"},{"key":"R6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0119090"},{"key":"R7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(17)30243-8"},{"key":"R8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/life11020095","article-title":"Cryptococcal immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome: From blood and cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers to treatment approaches","volume":"11","author":"Brienze","year":"2021","journal-title":"Life"},{"key":"R9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2174\/1874613601610010034"},{"key":"R10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12223-019-00699-y"},{"key":"R11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11046-020-00456-7"},{"key":"R12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0009124"},{"key":"R13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0025712"},{"key":"R14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.00737-12"},{"key":"R15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0037566"},{"key":"R16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13693780902953886"},{"key":"R17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0b013e328322ffc3"},{"key":"R18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/jmm.0.000654"},{"key":"R19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/myc.12539"},{"key":"R20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7589\/0090-3558-33.2.343"},{"key":"R21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11046-019-00376-1"},{"key":"R22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(19)30628-0"},{"key":"R23","volume-title":"Medical Laboratory Manual for Tropical Countries","author":"Cheesbrough","year":"2007"},{"key":"R24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11046-017-0214-9"},{"key":"R25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1810.120068"},{"key":"R26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fgb.2019.04.001"},{"key":"R27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0003847"},{"key":"R28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0019688"},{"key":"R29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1534\/genetics.105.046672"},{"key":"R30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.03177-13"},{"key":"R31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/mst197"},{"key":"R32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btw582"},{"key":"R33","volume-title":"MEN - a3","year":"2008"},{"key":"R34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofw055"},{"key":"R35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5001\/omj.2012.51"},{"key":"R36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1590\/S0036-46652015000700008"},{"key":"R37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cix1143"},{"key":"R38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0110285"},{"key":"R39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4314\/ejhs.v28i4.2"},{"key":"R40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2005.02.031"},{"key":"R41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bjid.2019.11.004"},{"key":"R42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mycmed.2016.04.001"},{"key":"R43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/myc.12275"},{"key":"R44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.01985-10"},{"key":"R45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/jmm.0.029025-0"},{"key":"R46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439-0507.2008.01662.x"},{"key":"R47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40475-015-0046-y"},{"key":"R48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/cmi.12590"},{"key":"R49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/13693786.2012.761737"},{"key":"R50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.01216-08"},{"key":"R51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11046-010-9324-3"},{"key":"R52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1590\/S1517-838246420140564"},{"key":"R53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00296-09"}],"container-title":["Journal of Medical Microbiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.microbiologyresearch.org\/content\/journal\/jmm\/10.1099\/jmm.0.001440?crawler=true","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,19]],"date-time":"2021-10-19T16:00:28Z","timestamp":1634659228000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.microbiologyresearch.org\/content\/journal\/jmm\/10.1099\/jmm.0.001440"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,19]]},"references-count":53,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,19]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1099\/jmm.0.001440","relation":{},"ISSN":["0022-2615","1473-5644"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0022-2615","type":"print"},{"value":"1473-5644","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,19]]}}}