{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]],"date-time":"2026-10-22T03:38:23Z","timestamp":1792640303419,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":9,"publisher":"Microbiology Society","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,17]],"date-time":"2021-12-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1639699200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010269","name":"Wellcome Trust","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["108876\/Z\/15\/Z"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["108876\/Z\/15\/Z"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010269","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010269","name":"Wellcome Trust","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["108876\/Z\/15\/Z"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["108876\/Z\/15\/Z"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010269","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,17]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Carbapenems are potent members of the \u03b2-lactam family that inhibit bacterial cell-wall biosynthesis inhibitors . They are highly effective against Gram-negative and Gram-positive drug-resistant infections . As such, carbapenems are typically reserved as an antibiotic of last resort. The WHO lists meropenem as an essential medicine. Nausea and vomiting are reported in \u226420% of carbapenem recipients, with 1.5% suffering seizures. Enzymatic hydrolysis of the \u03b2<jats:bold>-<\/jats:bold>lactam ring is the main driver of clinical resistance. These enzymes can be classified as Class A, B and D. 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