{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,23]],"date-time":"2026-06-23T17:12:58Z","timestamp":1782234778796,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"Microbiology Society","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,21]],"date-time":"2022-11-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1668988800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,21]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Since the introduction of <jats:italic>\n                     <jats:named-content content-type=\"species\">\n                        <jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"http:\/\/doi.org\/10.1601\/nm.3419\" xlink:type=\"simple\">Haemophilus influenzae<\/jats:ext-link>\n                     <\/jats:named-content>\n                  <\/jats:italic> (Hi) serotype b (Hib) vaccination, reports of increasing incidence rates of non-Hib serotypes have emerged. A systematic review was performed to investigate whether the Hi serotype f (Hif) incidence rate has increased globally and to describe its associated disease burden. In the post-Hib vaccine era, evidence shows that the incidence rate of Hif infection is increasing worldwide. In total 94 studies including 2\u200a701\u2009patients reported Hif infections. The estimated pooled incidence rate of Hif infection was 0.15\/100\u202f000 population per year (range: 0.05\u20130.40\/100\u200a000), with a median case fatality ratio of 14.3\u200a%. Invasive infections most frequently presented as pneumonia (45\u200a%), septicaemia (34\u200a%) and meningitis (20\u200a%). Of 191 Hif isolates, 87\u200a% were ampicillin-susceptible. Multi-locus sequence typing revealed that Hif were relatively clonal, with the majority belonging to clonal complex 124. Hif causes invasive infections of significant variance in both severity and presentation. 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