{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T22:08:27Z","timestamp":1785449307982,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"Microbiology Society","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,1]],"date-time":"2023-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1690848000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100016079","name":"Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["EKPG21-30-3"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EKPG21-30-3"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100016079","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"NSFC","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["81771691"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["81771691"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"NSFC","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["92269111"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["92269111"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                  <jats:bold>Introduction.<\/jats:bold> Caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection, coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has threatened global public health. Immune damage mechanisms are essential guidelines for clinical treatment and immune prevention.<\/jats:p>\n               <jats:p>\n                  <jats:bold>Hypothesis.<\/jats:bold> The dysregulated type I interferon (IFN-I) responses, lymphocytopenia and hypercytokinemia during SARS-CoV-2 infection have been reported. However, whether there is a correlation between levels of IFN-I and the severity of COVID-19 has not been reported yet.<\/jats:p>\n               <jats:p>\n                  <jats:bold>Aim.<\/jats:bold> To investigate the source of IFN-I and detect the exact roles of them in the pathogenesis of COVID-19.<\/jats:p>\n               <jats:p>\n                  <jats:bold>Methodology.<\/jats:bold> Here ELISA was used to detect serum IFN-I (IFN-\u03b1 and IFN-\u03b2) for 137\u2009cases with laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 admitted into one hospital in Wuhan from December 2019 to March 2020, and the relationships between IFN-\u03b1\/\u03b2 concentrations and patients\u2019 clinical parameters were conducted by statistical analysis.<\/jats:p>\n               <jats:p>\n                  <jats:bold>Results.<\/jats:bold> Both IFN-\u03b1 and IFN-\u03b2 concentrations dramatically increased in COVID-19 patients, especially in old patients (&gt;80\u2009years) and severe cases. Statistical analysis demonstrated that serum IFN-\u03b1\/\u03b2 concentrations were negatively correlated with the counts of total CD3<jats:bold>\n                     <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                  <\/jats:bold>T<jats:bold>,<\/jats:bold> CD4<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> and CD8<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>T\u2009cells, especially in critically ill cases. Moreover, serum IFN-\u03b1 levels were positively correlated to IL-6 and TNF-\u03b1. Finally, immunofluorescent double staining showed that IFN-\u03b1 and IFN-\u03b2 are major secretions from macrophages and dendritic cells (DCs) in lymph nodes from COVID-19 autopsies.<\/jats:p>\n               <jats:p>\n                  <jats:bold>Conclusion.<\/jats:bold> These results demonstrate that macrophages and DCs are the main origination of IFN-I, and <jats:bold>s<\/jats:bold>erum levels of IFN-I are positively associated with lymphopenia and cytokine storm, suggesting that IFN-\u03b1\/\u03b2 deteriorated the severity of COVID-19. Anti-interferon or IFN-I signalling block drugs are needed to treat ICU patients.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1099\/jmm.0.001694","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,1]],"date-time":"2023-08-01T13:17:03Z","timestamp":1690895823000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Serum levels of type I interferon (IFN-I) is associated with the severity of COVID-19"],"prefix":"10.1099","volume":"72","author":[{"given":"Yuting","family":"Sun","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400038, PR China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gang","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Laboratory Center, General Hospital of Central Theater Command, Wuhan, Hubei province, 430015, PR China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rongshuai","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Forensic 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