{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,12]],"date-time":"2026-01-12T23:22:15Z","timestamp":1768260135445,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"Microbiology Society","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,9]],"date-time":"2023-06-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1686268800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100020624","name":"NIHR Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100020624","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Government of the State of Kuwait"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                  <jats:bold>Introduction.<\/jats:bold>\n                  <jats:italic>\n                     <jats:named-content content-type=\"species\">\n                        <jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"http:\/\/doi.org\/10.1601\/nm.3833\" xlink:type=\"simple\">Helicobacter pylori<\/jats:ext-link>\n                     <\/jats:named-content>\n                  <\/jats:italic> is highly polymorphic, and some strains are much more likely to cause disease than others. Biofilm formation can help bacteria to survive antibiotic treatment, immune attack and other stresses, promoting persistent infection.<\/jats:p>\n               <jats:p>\n                  <jats:bold>Hypothesis\/Gap Statement.<\/jats:bold> We hypothesized that <jats:italic>\n                     <jats:named-content content-type=\"species\">\n                        <jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"http:\/\/doi.org\/10.1601\/nm.3833\" xlink:type=\"simple\">H. pylori<\/jats:ext-link>\n                     <\/jats:named-content>\n                  <\/jats:italic> isolates from patients with more severe <jats:italic>H. pylori-<\/jats:italic>associated disease would be better at forming biofilms than isolates from patients with less severe disease.<\/jats:p>\n               <jats:p>\n                  <jats:bold>Aim.<\/jats:bold> We initially aimed to determine whether or not the biofilm-forming ability of <jats:italic>\n                     <jats:named-content content-type=\"species\">\n                        <jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"http:\/\/doi.org\/10.1601\/nm.3833\" xlink:type=\"simple\">H. pylori<\/jats:ext-link>\n                     <\/jats:named-content>\n                  <\/jats:italic> isolates was associated with disease in the UK-based patients from whom the bacteria were isolated.<\/jats:p>\n               <jats:p>\n                  <jats:bold>Methodology.<\/jats:bold> Biofilm-forming ability of <jats:italic>\n                     <jats:named-content content-type=\"species\">\n                        <jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"http:\/\/doi.org\/10.1601\/nm.3833\" xlink:type=\"simple\">H. pylori<\/jats:ext-link>\n                     <\/jats:named-content>\n                  <\/jats:italic> isolates was determined using a crystal violet assay on glass coverslips. The complete genome sequence of strain 444A was generated by hybrid assembly of Nanopore MinION and Illumina MiSeq data.<\/jats:p>\n               <jats:p>\n                  <jats:bold>Results.<\/jats:bold> Although we found no associations between biofilm-forming ability of <jats:italic>\n                     <jats:named-content content-type=\"species\">\n                        <jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"http:\/\/doi.org\/10.1601\/nm.3833\" xlink:type=\"simple\">H. pylori<\/jats:ext-link>\n                     <\/jats:named-content>\n                  <\/jats:italic> and disease severity in patients, we discovered that strain 444A had particularly high biofilm-forming ability. This strain had been isolated from a patient with gastric ulcer disease and moderate to severe scores for <jats:italic>H. pylori-<\/jats:italic>induced histopathology. Analysis of the genome of the high biofilm-forming <jats:italic>\n                     <jats:named-content content-type=\"species\">\n                        <jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"http:\/\/doi.org\/10.1601\/nm.3833\" xlink:type=\"simple\">H. pylori<\/jats:ext-link>\n                     <\/jats:named-content>\n                  <\/jats:italic> strain 444A revealed that it possesses numerous biofilm- and virulence-associated genes and a small cryptic plasmid encoding a type II toxin\u2013antitoxin system.<\/jats:p>\n               <jats:p>\n                  <jats:bold>Conclusion.<\/jats:bold> There is substantial variation in biofilm-forming ability in <jats:italic>H. pylori,<\/jats:italic> but this was not significantly associated with disease severity in our study. We identified and characterized an interesting strain with high biofilm-forming ability, including generation and analysis of the complete genome.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1099\/jmm.0.001710","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,9]],"date-time":"2023-06-09T15:19:14Z","timestamp":1686323954000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Characterization of a Helicobacter pylori strain with high biofilm-forming ability"],"prefix":"10.1099","volume":"72","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3972-5100","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniel","family":"Wilkinson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK"},{"name":"School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lolwah","family":"Alsharaf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Al-Amiri Hospital, Ministry 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