{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]],"date-time":"2026-08-17T23:50:36Z","timestamp":1787010636540,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"Microbiology Society","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,13]],"date-time":"2024-02-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1707782400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004479","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Jiangxi Province","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["20232BAB216124"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20232BAB216124"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004479","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"the Science and technology plan project of Jiangxi Province administration of traditional Chinese medicine","award":["2023B1311"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023B1311"]}]},{"name":"the Science and technology plan project of Health Commission of Jiangxi Province","award":["202310011"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["202310011"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,13]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Introduction.<\/jats:bold>\n                    <jats:italic>Trichophyton rubrum<\/jats:italic>\n                    is a major causative agent of superficial dermatomycoses such as onychomycosis and tinea pedis. Huangqin decoction (HQD), as a classical traditional Chinese medicine formula, was found to inhibit the growth of common clinical dermatophytes such as\n                    <jats:italic>T. rubrum<\/jats:italic>\n                    in our previous drug susceptibility experiments.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Hypothesis\/Gap Statement.<\/jats:bold>\n                    The antifungal activity and potential mechanism of HQD against\n                    <jats:italic>T. rubrum<\/jats:italic>\n                    have not yet been investigated.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Aim.<\/jats:bold>\n                    The aim of this study was to investigate the antifungal activity and explore the potential mechanism of action of HQD against\n                    <jats:italic>T. rubrum<\/jats:italic>\n                    .\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Methodology.<\/jats:bold>\n                    The present study was performed to evaluate the antifungal activity of HQD against\n                    <jats:italic>T. rubrum<\/jats:italic>\n                    by determination of minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs), minimal fungicidal concentrations (MFCs), mycelial growth, biomass, spore germination and structural damage, and explore its preliminary anti-dermatophyte mechanisms by sorbitol and ergosterol assay, HPLC-based ergosterol test, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and mitochondrial enzyme activity test.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Results.<\/jats:bold>\n                    HQD was able to inhibit the growth of\n                    <jats:italic>T. rubrum<\/jats:italic>\n                    significantly, with an MIC of 3.125 mg ml\n                    <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                    and an MFC of 12.5 mg ml\n                    <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                    . It also significantly inhibited the hyphal growth, conidia germination and biomass growth of\n                    <jats:italic>T. rubrum<\/jats:italic>\n                    in a dose-dependent manner, and induced structural damage in different degrees for\n                    <jats:italic>T. rubrum<\/jats:italic>\n                    cells. HQD showed no effect on cell wall integrity, but was able to damage the cell membrane of\n                    <jats:italic>T. rubrum<\/jats:italic>\n                    by interfering with ergosterol biosynthesis, involving the reduction of squalene epoxidase (SE) and sterol 14\u03b1-demethylase P450 (CYP51) activities, and also affect the malate dehydrogenase (MDH), succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) and ATPase activities of mitochondria.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Conclusion.<\/jats:bold>\n                    These results revealed that HQD had significant anti-dermatophyte activity, which was associated with destroying the cell membrane and affecting the enzyme activities of mitochondria.\n                  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