{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,20]],"date-time":"2026-03-20T01:33:54Z","timestamp":1773970434149,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"Microbiology Society","issue":"3","funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003593","name":"CNPq","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["405312\/2021-0, 305924\/2021-4, 428737\/2018-8 and 305036\/2017-3"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["405312\/2021-0, 305924\/2021-4, 428737\/2018-8 and 305036\/2017-3"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003593","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,26]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                  <jats:bold>Introduction.<\/jats:bold> Cryptococcal biofilms have been associated with persistent infections and antifungal resistance. Therefore, strategies, such as the association of natural compounds and antifungal drugs, have been applied for the prevention of biofilm growth. Moreover, the <jats:italic>Caenorhabditis elegans<\/jats:italic> pathogenicity model has been used to investigate the capacity to inhibit the pathogenicity of <jats:italic>Cryptococcus neoformans sensu stricto<\/jats:italic>.<\/jats:p>\n               <jats:p>\n                  <jats:bold>Hypothesis.<\/jats:bold> Anthraquinones and antifungals are associated with preventing <jats:italic>C. neoformans sensu stricto<\/jats:italic> biofilm formation and disrupting these communities. Antraquinones reduced the <jats:italic>C. neoformans sensu stricto<\/jats:italic> pathogenicity in the <jats:italic>C. elegans<\/jats:italic> model.<\/jats:p>\n               <jats:p>\n                  <jats:bold>Aim.<\/jats:bold> This study aimed to evaluate the <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic> interaction between aloe emodin, barbaloin or chrysophanol and itraconazole or amphotericin B against growing and mature biofilms of <jats:italic>C. neoformans sensu stricto<\/jats:italic>.<\/jats:p>\n               <jats:p>\n                  <jats:bold>Methodology.<\/jats:bold> Compounds and antifungal drugs were added during biofilm formation or after 72\u2009h of growth. Then, the metabolic activity was evaluated by the MTT reduction assay, the biomass by crystal-violet staining and the biofilm morphology by confocal laser scanning microscopy. <jats:italic>C. neoformans sensu stricto's<\/jats:italic> pathogenicity was investigated using the nematode <jats:italic>C. elegans<\/jats:italic>. Finally, pathogenicity inhibition by aloe emodin, barbarloin and chrysophanol was investigated using this model.<\/jats:p>\n               <jats:p>\n                  <jats:bold>Results.<\/jats:bold> Anthraquinone\u2013antifungal combinations affected the development of biofilms with a reduction of over 60\u200a% in metabolic activity and above 50\u200a% in biomass. Aloe emodin and barbaloin increased the anti-biofilm activity of antifungal drugs. Chrysophanol potentiated the effect of itraconazole against <jats:italic>C. neoformans sensu stricto<\/jats:italic> biofilms. The <jats:italic>C. elegans<\/jats:italic> mortality rate reached 76.7\u200a% after the worms were exposed to <jats:italic>C. neoformans sensu stricto<\/jats:italic> for 96 h. Aloe emodin, barbaloin and chrysophanol reduced the <jats:italic>C. elegans<\/jats:italic> pathogenicity with mortality rates of 61.12\u200a%, 65\u200a% and 53.34\u200a%, respectively, after the worms were exposed for 96 h to <jats:italic>C. neoformans sensu stricto<\/jats:italic> and these compounds at same time.<\/jats:p>\n               <jats:p>\n                  <jats:bold>Conclusion.<\/jats:bold> These results highlight the potential activity of anthraquinones to increase the effectiveness of antifungal drugs against cryptococcal biofilms.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1099\/jmm.0.001815","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,26]],"date-time":"2024-03-26T14:18:17Z","timestamp":1711462697000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Anthraquinones against Cryptococcus neoformans sensu stricto: antifungal interaction, biofilm inhibition and pathogenicity in the Caenorhabditis elegans model"],"prefix":"10.1099","volume":"73","author":[{"given":"G\u00e9ssica dos Santos","family":"Ara\u00fajo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Postgraduate Program in Veterinary Sciences, School of Veterinary, State University of Cear\u00e1. Dr. Silas Munguba, 1700, Campus do Itaperi, CEP: 60714-903, Fortaleza, Cear\u00e1, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9281-8517","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Raimunda S\u00e2mia Nogueira","family":"Brilhante","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Specialized Medical Mycology Center, Postgraduate Program in Medical Microbiology, Department of Pathology and Legal Medicine, Federal University of Cear\u00e1. Rua Coronel Nunes de Melo, 1315 - Rodolfo Te\u00f3filo \u2013 CEP: 60430-275, Fortaleza, Cear\u00e1, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Maria Gleiciane da","family":"Rocha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Postgraduate Program in Veterinary Sciences, School of Veterinary, State University of Cear\u00e1. Dr. Silas Munguba, 1700, Campus do Itaperi, CEP: 60714-903, Fortaleza, Cear\u00e1, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lara de","family":"Aguiar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Postgraduate Program in Veterinary Sciences, School of Veterinary, State University of Cear\u00e1. Dr. Silas Munguba, 1700, Campus do Itaperi, CEP: 60714-903, Fortaleza, Cear\u00e1, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"D\u00e9bora de Souza Collares Maia","family":"Castelo-Branco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Specialized Medical Mycology Center, Postgraduate Program in Medical Microbiology, Department of Pathology and Legal Medicine, Federal University of Cear\u00e1. 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