{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,8]],"date-time":"2026-05-08T17:29:41Z","timestamp":1778261381588,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Microbiology Society","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,10]],"date-time":"2024-07-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1720569600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Boehringer Ingelheim"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                  <jats:bold>Introduction.<\/jats:bold>\n                  <jats:italic>Aspergillus flavus<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Fusarium keratoplasticum<\/jats:italic> are common causative pathogens of fungal keratitis (FK), a severe corneal disease associated with significant morbidity and vision loss. Escalating incidence of antifungal resistance to available antifungal drugs poses a major challenge to FK treatment. Cold atmospheric plasma (CAP) is a pioneering nonpharmacologic antimicrobial intervention that has demonstrated potential as a broad-spectrum antifungal treatment.<\/jats:p>\n               <jats:p>\n                  <jats:bold>Gap statement.<\/jats:bold> Previous research highlights biofilm-associated resistance as a critical barrier to effective FK treatment. Although CAP has shown promise against various fungal infections, its efficacy against biofilm and conidial forms of FK pathogens remains inadequately explored.<\/jats:p>\n               <jats:p>\n                  <jats:bold>Aim.<\/jats:bold> This study aims to investigate the antifungal efficacy of CAP against clinical fungal keratitis isolates of <jats:italic>A. flavus<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>F. keratoplasticum in vitro<\/jats:italic>.<\/jats:p>\n               <jats:p>\n                  <jats:bold>Methodology.<\/jats:bold> Power parameters (22\u201327 kV<jats:sub>pp<\/jats:sub>, 300\u2013400\u2009Hz and 20\u201380 mA) of a dielectric barrier discharge CAP device were optimized for inactivation of <jats:italic>A. flavus<\/jats:italic> biofilms. Optimal applied voltage and total current were applied to <jats:italic>F. keratoplasticum<\/jats:italic> biofilms and conidial suspensions of <jats:italic>A. flavus<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>F. keratoplasticum<\/jats:italic>. The antifungal effect of CAP treatment was investigated by evaluating fungal viability through means of metabolic activity, c.f.u. enumeration (c.f.u. ml<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>) and biofilm formation.<\/jats:p>\n               <jats:p>\n                  <jats:bold>Results.<\/jats:bold> For both fungal species, CAP exhibited strong time-dependent inactivation, achieving greater than 80\u200a% reduction in metabolic activity and c.f.u. ml<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup> within 300\u2009s or less, and complete inhibition after 600\u2009s of treatment.<\/jats:p>\n               <jats:p>\n                  <jats:bold>Conclusion.<\/jats:bold> Our findings indicate that CAP is a promising broad-spectrum antifungal intervention. CAP treatment effectively reduces fungal viability in both biofilm and conidial suspension cultures of <jats:italic>A. flavus<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>F. keratoplasticum<\/jats:italic>, suggesting its potential as an alternative treatment strategy for fungal keratitis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1099\/jmm.0.001858","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,10]],"date-time":"2024-07-10T15:17:26Z","timestamp":1720624646000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Cold atmospheric plasma inactivates Aspergillus flavus and Fusarium keratoplasticum biofilms and conidia in vitro"],"prefix":"10.1099","volume":"73","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3358-5485","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Darby","family":"Roberts","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, NC State University, Raleigh, NC, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-4094-3955","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jonathan","family":"Thomas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nuclear Engineering, College of Engineering, NC State University, Raleigh, NC, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jacklyn","family":"Salmon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, NC State University, Raleigh, NC, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9595-5894","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marc A.","family":"Cubeta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, College of Agriculture and Life Science, NC State University, Center for Integrated Fungal Research, Raleigh, NC, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2116-2661","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Katharina","family":"Stapelmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nuclear Engineering, College of Engineering, NC State University, Raleigh, NC, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7771-9166","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Brian C.","family":"Gilger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, NC State University, Raleigh, NC, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"345","reference":[{"key":"R1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jof8101047"},{"key":"R2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2021.698780"},{"key":"R3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jof7040273"},{"key":"R4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2746\/095777309X409929"},{"key":"R5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2042-3306.2012.00623.x"},{"key":"R6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2746\/095777309X400270"},{"key":"R7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2019.103802"},{"key":"R8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41433-020-01339-3"},{"key":"R9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ceo.14113"},{"key":"R10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/evj.14059"},{"key":"R11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/vop.12004"},{"key":"R12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/vop.12701"},{"key":"R13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.26719\/2011.17.6.468"},{"key":"R14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09286580601001347"},{"key":"R15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/vop.12995"},{"key":"R16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.231.7.1086"},{"key":"R17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.296.8.953"},{"key":"R18","article-title":"WHO fungal priority pathogens list to guide research, development and public health action"},{"key":"R19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coph.2013.08.008"},{"key":"R20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1005828"},{"key":"R21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-6463\/aac475"},{"key":"R22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1009794"},{"key":"R23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkn402"},{"key":"R24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.12-9848"},{"key":"R25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.12-10810"},{"key":"R26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/hsz-2018-0222"},{"key":"R27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.02619-19"},{"key":"R28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.8b05386"},{"key":"R29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00253-018-9118-y"},{"key":"R30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0040629"},{"key":"R31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpme.2017.12.075"},{"key":"R32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09273948.2022.2060839"},{"key":"R33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/IDR.S399715"},{"key":"R34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2023.109692"},{"key":"R35","article-title":"Characterization of ozone density and reactive species production within liquid solutions for a microsecond-pulsed power supply","author":"Thomas","year":"2023"},{"key":"R36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0214214"},{"key":"R37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2024.107615"},{"key":"R38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fm.2020.103669"},{"key":"R39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2019.06.009"},{"key":"R40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41522-022-00347-3"},{"key":"R41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsinfecdis.1c00147"}],"container-title":["Journal of Medical Microbiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.microbiologyresearch.org\/content\/journal\/jmm\/10.1099\/jmm.0.001858?crawler=true&mimetype=application\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,10]],"date-time":"2024-07-10T15:17:29Z","timestamp":1720624649000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.microbiologyresearch.org\/content\/journal\/jmm\/10.1099\/jmm.0.001858"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,10]]},"references-count":41,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,10]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1099\/jmm.0.001858","relation":{},"ISSN":["0022-2615","1473-5644"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0022-2615","type":"print"},{"value":"1473-5644","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,10]]}}}