{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,20]],"date-time":"2026-05-20T21:30:58Z","timestamp":1779312658133,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":74,"publisher":"Microbiology Society","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,28]],"date-time":"2024-11-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1732752000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Ministry of Defence","award":["701578872"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["701578872"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,28]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Introduction.<\/jats:bold>\n                    <jats:italic>Strongyloides stercoralis<\/jats:italic>\n                    , the human threadworm, is a parasitic nematode with global distribution, estimated to infect over 600\u2009million people. Chronic infection is often asymptomatic, but hyperinfection and dissemination syndromes can occur in the immunosuppressed with high case fatality rates. Whilst strongyloidiasis is endemic in Fiji, its prevalence in Fijian migrant groups in the UK is unknown.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Gap Statement.<\/jats:bold>\n                    No previous studies have been conducted on the prevalence of\n                    <jats:italic>Strongyloides<\/jats:italic>\n                    and other gastrointestinal parasites (GIPs) in Fijian migrants to the UK.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Aim.<\/jats:bold>\n                    We conducted a cross-sectional study of the prevalence of GIPs in a Fijian migrant population.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Methodology.<\/jats:bold>\n                    Participants completed a questionnaire on residence, travel and clinical symptoms and were asked to provide a serum sample for\n                    <jats:italic>S. stercoralis<\/jats:italic>\n                    IgG ELISA, venous blood samples for eosinophil count and a faecal sample for charcoal culture, multiplex real-time PCR (rtPCR) and microscopy after formalin-ethyl acetate concentration. Sequencing was performed on pooled\n                    <jats:italic>Strongyloides<\/jats:italic>\n                    larvae for nuclear 18S rRNA hyper-variable regions (HVRs) I and IV.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Results.<\/jats:bold>\n                    A total of 250 participants (94% male) with median (range) age 37 (20\u201351) years entered the study, 15 (1\u201324) years since leaving Fiji.\n                    <jats:italic>S. stercoralis<\/jats:italic>\n                    IgG ELISA was positive in 87\/248 (35.1\u200a%) and 14\/74 (18.9\u200a%) had a GIP detected in faeces. This included 7\/74 (9.5\u200a%) with\n                    <jats:italic>Strongyloides<\/jats:italic>\n                    and 5\/74 (6.8\u200a%) with hookworms. Dermatological symptoms were more common in those with\n                    <jats:italic>Strongyloides,<\/jats:italic>\n                    and eosinophilia (&gt;0.5\u00d710\n                    <jats:sup>9<\/jats:sup>\n                    cells per litre) was present in 55.6% of those with positive\n                    <jats:italic>S. stercoralis<\/jats:italic>\n                    IgG. rtPCR was the most sensitive faecal diagnostic test for\n                    <jats:italic>Strongyloides<\/jats:italic>\n                    and hookworms in faeces. Sequences of nuclear 18S rRNA for HVRs I and IV confirmed the presence of\n                    <jats:italic>S. stercoralis<\/jats:italic>\n                    .\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Conclusion.<\/jats:bold>\n                    This first cross-sectional study in Fijian migrants found a high rate of chronic infection with GIPs, particularly\n                    <jats:italic>S. stercoralis<\/jats:italic>\n                    . Faecal microscopy was insensitive compared to charcoal culture, rtPCR or serology, demonstrating the importance of specialist parasitological tests when investigating people with a suspected chronic infection. Our study highlights an overlooked burden of strongyloidiasis in the UK and has implications for screening and treatment programmes in Fiji and for migrants from Fiji.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1099\/jmm.0.001925","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,12]],"date-time":"2024-11-12T10:17:41Z","timestamp":1731406661000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Chronic Strongyloides stercoralis infection in Fijian migrants to the UK"],"prefix":"10.1099","volume":"73","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-2747-8198","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"William D.","family":"Nevin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, Imperial College London, London, UK"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK"},{"name":"Academic Department of Military Medicine, Royal Centre for Defence Medicine, Birmingham, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jake","family":"Melhuish","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Headquarters Army Medical Services, Camberley, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jayne","family":"Jones","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Diagnostic Parasitology Laboratory, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lucas","family":"Cunningham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Tropical Disease Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"James","family":"Dodd","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Romeo","family":"Toriro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Matthew","family":"Routledge","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK"},{"name":"254 Multi-Role Medical Regiment, Cambridge, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Luke","family":"Swithenbank","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Royal Air Force Medical Services, High Wycombe, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Thomas D.","family":"Troth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Microbiology and Infection, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK"},{"name":"Academic Department of Military Medicine, Royal Centre for Defence Medicine, Birmingham, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Stephen D.","family":"Woolley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Academic Department of Military Medicine, Royal Centre for Defence Medicine, Birmingham, UK"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Angela","family":"Fountain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Defence Primary Healthcare, Lichfield, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Claire","family":"Hennessy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Defence Primary Healthcare, Lichfield, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Simon A.","family":"Foster","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Household Cavalry Regiment, Bulford, UK"},{"name":"Defence Primary Healthcare, Lichfield, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Charlotte","family":"Hughes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Defence Primary Healthcare, Lichfield, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mark R.","family":"Riley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Army Medical Services Support Unit, Camberley, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Simran","family":"Rai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Headquarters Army Medical Services, Camberley, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Russell","family":"Stothard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Tropical Disease Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Edward D.","family":"Nicol","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biomedical Engineering & Imaging Sciences, King\u2019s College London, London, UK"},{"name":"Department of Military Medicine, Royal Centre for Defence Medicine, Birmingham, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mark","family":"Dermont","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Defence Public Health Unit, Research and Clinical Innovation Directorate, Defence Medical Services, Lichfield, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Duncan","family":"Wilson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Headquarters Defence Medical Services Group, Defence Medical Directorate, ICT Building, Edgbaston, Birmingham, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Woods","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Northumbria Healthcare NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK"},{"name":"Carnegie School of Sport, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, UK"},{"name":"Research and Clinical Innovation, Royal Centre for Defence Medicine, Birmingham, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lucy","family":"Lamb","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Royal Free London NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK"},{"name":"Academic Department of Military Medicine, Royal Centre for Defence Medicine, Birmingham, UK"},{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, Imperial College London, London, UK"},{"name":"University College London, London, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Matthew K.","family":"O'Shea","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, College of Medical & Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, UK"},{"name":"Centre of Defence Pathology, Royal Centre for Defence Medicine, Queen Elizabeth Hospital Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nicholas J.","family":"Beeching","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"Fletcher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"345","reference":[{"key":"R1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens9060468"},{"key":"R2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2015.04.001"},{"key":"R3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2023.0004"},{"key":"R4","article-title":"Ending the neglect to attain the Sustainable Development Goals: a road map for neglected tropical diseases 2021\u20132030","year":"2020"},{"key":"R5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11908-008-0019-6"},{"key":"R6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/trstmh\/trad032"},{"key":"R7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2017.08.007"},{"key":"R8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/trstmh\/try132"},{"key":"R9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/fg.2010.003392"},{"key":"R10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jramc-2014-000259"},{"key":"R11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0011931"},{"key":"R12","article-title":"Freedom of Information Request FOl2021\/05260, Ministry of Defence","year":"2021"},{"key":"R13","volume-title":"Food and Nutrition in Fiji: A Historical Review. editorips@ usp.ac.fj","author":"Jansen","year":"1990"},{"key":"R14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0004707"},{"key":"R15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciab202"},{"key":"R16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/inthealth\/ihaa087"},{"key":"R17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0012045"},{"key":"R18","volume-title":"Submitted BMJ Military Health","author":"Kain","year":"2024"},{"key":"R19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajh.25617"},{"key":"R20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0006129"},{"key":"R21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2024.106324"},{"key":"R22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0007609"},{"key":"R23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sdata.2019.38"},{"key":"R24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1161","DOI":"10.1001\/archderm.1976.01630320067021","article-title":"Larva currens. Cutaneous strongyloidiasis","volume":"112","author":"Smith","year":"1976","journal-title":"Arch Dermatol"},{"key":"R25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parint.2020.102151"},{"key":"R26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajp.23475"},{"key":"R27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0022149X1900107X"},{"key":"R28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0007241"},{"key":"R29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0005752"},{"key":"R30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parepi.2016.08.005"},{"key":"R31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trstmh.2008.12.001"},{"key":"R32","volume-title":"Prevalence of Intestinal Helminth Infection in Fiji","author":"Mathai","year":"1998"},{"key":"R33","first-page":"22","volume-title":"South Pacific Journal of Natural Science","volume":"1","author":"Lott","year":"1980"},{"key":"R34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0008511"},{"key":"R35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0008106"},{"key":"R36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/0960312042000218589"},{"key":"R37","article-title":"Soil-transmitted helminth infection, skin infection, anaemia, and growth retardation in schoolchildren of Taveuni Island, Fiji","volume":"118","author":"Thomas","year":"2005","journal-title":"N Z Med J"},{"key":"R38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(18)30490-X"},{"key":"R39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0000754"},{"key":"R40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.2307\/3283519","article-title":"Evaluation of three methods for laboratory diagnosis of Strongyloides stercoralis infection","volume":"79","author":"de Kaminsky","year":"1993","journal-title":"J Parasitol"},{"key":"R41","first-page":"183","article-title":"An evaluation of the agar plate method for the detection of Strongyloides stercoralis in Northern Thailand","volume":"93","author":"Koga","year":"1990","journal-title":"J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"R42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.apar.2022.07.001"},{"key":"R43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpara.2023.1277372"},{"key":"R44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0006229"},{"key":"R45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmii.2018.10.001"},{"key":"R46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0002640"},{"key":"R47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/cmr.00033-23"},{"key":"R48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0035-9203(03)90033-2"},{"key":"R49","article-title":"Lymphatic filariasis: a handbook of practical entomology for national lymphatic filariasis elimination programmes","author":"Organization","year":"2019"},{"key":"R50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s41182-020-00245-4"},{"key":"R51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/pim.12029"},{"key":"R52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2021.07.016"},{"key":"R53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.21-0135"},{"key":"R54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/qjmed\/hch133"},{"key":"R55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mayocp.2012.05.028"},{"key":"R56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3122\/jabfm.2012.03.110101"},{"key":"R57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/290814"},{"key":"R58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/tmi.13363"},{"key":"R59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"743","DOI":"10.1016\/S0016-5085(19)36487-X","article-title":"Clinical studies in human strongyloidiasis. I Semeiology","volume":"16","author":"JONES","year":"1950","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"R60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1481","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-5085(81)90261-4","article-title":"Clinical features of Strongyloides stercoralis infection in an endemic area of the United States","volume":"80","author":"Milder","year":"1981","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"R61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V118.21.4932.4932"},{"key":"R62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2014.10.020"},{"key":"R63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0169-4758(92)90106-c"},{"key":"R64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2020.104516"},{"key":"R65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0176-6724(87)80207-9"},{"key":"R66","volume-title":"In Guideline: Alternative Mass Drug Administration Regimens to Eliminate Lymphatic Filariasis","year":"2017"},{"key":"R67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(19)30289-0"},{"key":"R68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD007745.pub3"},{"key":"R69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1991.45.518"},{"key":"R70","article-title":"Helminth infections: migrant health guide","year":"2021"},{"key":"R71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5694\/mja16.00826"},{"key":"R72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0004910"},{"key":"R73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph16010011"},{"key":"R74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjgh-2020-002321"}],"container-title":["Journal of Medical Microbiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.microbiologyresearch.org\/content\/journal\/jmm\/10.1099\/jmm.0.001925?crawler=true&mimetype=application\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,27]],"date-time":"2025-10-27T12:18:07Z","timestamp":1761567487000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.microbiologyresearch.org\/content\/journal\/jmm\/10.1099\/jmm.0.001925"}},"subtitle":["&lt;xhtml:span xmlns:xhtml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xhtml\" xml:lang=\"en\"&gt;&lt;span style=\"color: rgb(33, 51, 104);\"&gt;This article is part of the&amp;#160;&lt;\/span&gt;&lt;a href=\"https:\/\/www.microbiologyresearch.org\/content\/diagnosis-of-infectious-disease#\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\"&gt;&lt;span style=\"color: rgb(33, 51, 104);\"&gt;Diagnosis of Infectious Diseases&lt;\/span&gt;&lt;\/a&gt;&lt;span style=\"color: rgb(33, 51, 104);\"&gt;&amp;#160;collection.&lt;\/span&gt;\n&lt;\/xhtml:span&gt;"],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,28]]},"references-count":74,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,28]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1099\/jmm.0.001925","relation":{},"ISSN":["0022-2615","1473-5644"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0022-2615","type":"print"},{"value":"1473-5644","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,28]]}}}