{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,25]],"date-time":"2026-07-25T17:47:52Z","timestamp":1785001672036,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Microbiology Society","issue":"11","funder":[{"name":"PRESTIP"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,13]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                  <jats:bold>Background.<\/jats:bold> Commensal streptococci are common inhabitants of the oral microbiome and regulate its structure and function in beneficial ways for human health. They can, however, also be opportunistic pathogens and act as a reservoir of resistance genes that can be passed on to other bacteria, including pathogens. Little is known about the prevalence of these commensals in parents and their children and their antimicrobial susceptibilities in the Belgian general population.<\/jats:p>\n               <jats:p>\n                  <jats:bold>Gap Statement.<\/jats:bold> The macrolide susceptibility of commensal oral Streptococci in Belgium is unknown.<\/jats:p>\n               <jats:p>\n                  <jats:bold>Methods.<\/jats:bold> We assessed the prevalence and azithromycin susceptibility of commensal streptococcal species in the parents (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>=38) and children (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>=50) of 35 families in Belgium.<\/jats:p>\n               <jats:p>\n                  <jats:bold>Results.<\/jats:bold> The most frequently detected taxonomic grouping was <jats:italic>Streptococcus mitis\/oralis<\/jats:italic>, which was detected in 78\/181 (43.1%) of the children\u2019s isolates and 66\/128 (51.6%) of the parents\u2019 isolates. Of the 311 isolates collected in this study, 282 isolates (90.7%) had an azithromycin MIC value greater than the breakpoint of 0.25\u2009mg\u2009l<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup> and 146 isolates (46.9%) had azithromycin MICs greater than 2\u2009mg\u2009l<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>. There was no difference in the azithromycin MIC distribution of all streptococcal isolates between children and parents. All individuals were colonized by streptococci with azithromycin MICs greater than 0.25\u2009mg\u2009l<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>, and 87.5% of individuals had streptococci with MICs greater than 2\u2009mg\u2009l<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>.<\/jats:p>\n               <jats:p>\n                  <jats:bold>Interpretation.<\/jats:bold> The most prevalent species identified in both age groups was <jats:italic>S. mitis\/oralis<\/jats:italic>. All individuals harboured streptococci with macrolide resistance. This highlights the need for additional antimicrobial stewardship initiatives to reduce the consumption of macrolides in the general population.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1099\/jmm.0.001932","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,13]],"date-time":"2024-11-13T14:17:57Z","timestamp":1731507477000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Macrolide resistance is pervasive in oral streptococci in the Belgian general population: a cross-sectional survey"],"prefix":"10.1099","volume":"73","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-4553-1852","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zo\u00eb","family":"Vanhout","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sa\u00efd","family":"Abdellati","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zina","family":"Gestels","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Irith","family":"De Baetselier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tessa","family":"de Block","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thibaut","family":"Vanbaelen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sheeba Santhini","family":"Manoharan-Basil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2557-8998","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chris","family":"Kenyon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium"},{"name":"University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"345","reference":[{"key":"R1","article-title":"Antimicrobial resistance","year":"2023"},{"key":"R2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2334-14-13"},{"key":"R3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics8030086","article-title":"Socioeconomic enablers for contagion: factors impelling the antimicrobial resistance epidemic","author":"Collignon","year":"2019"},{"key":"R4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms10122316"},{"key":"R5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/microbiolspec.ARBA-0008-2017"},{"key":"R6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2016.00098"},{"key":"R7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00284-023-03337-6"},{"key":"R8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkg423"},{"key":"R9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jb.00257-22"},{"key":"R10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/mdr.2020.0490"},{"key":"R11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2023.1181633"},{"key":"R12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00429-15"},{"key":"R13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkh026"},{"key":"R14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(07)60235-9"},{"key":"R15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofad462"},{"key":"R16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiab178"},{"key":"R17","article-title":"European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control Antimicrobial consumption dashboard (ESAC-Net)"},{"key":"R18","article-title":"European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing - 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