{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T15:52:16Z","timestamp":1787068336674,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"Microbiology Society","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,28]],"date-time":"2025-03-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1743120000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001711","name":"Schweizerischer Nationalfonds zur F\u00f6rderung der Wissenschaftlichen Forschung","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["197768"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["197768"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001711","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,28]]},"abstract":"Graphical abstract<\/jats:title>\n \n Parachlamydia acanthamoebae<\/jats:italic>\n is an obligate intracellular bacterium found in free-living\n Acanthamoeba<\/jats:italic>\n amoebae. As with other\n Chlamydiales, P. acanthamoebae<\/jats:italic>\n has a biphasic lifecycle with an infectious elementary body and a replicative reticulate body. Once inside a host, the elementary body differentiates to the reticulate body to undergo replication within the membrane-bound compartment called the inclusion. These infected amoebae can be found in many environments such as in hospitals, household water sources, lakes and farm animals. Although the exact route of transmission from amoebae to humans is unknown, it is believed that humans may breathe in the\n Parachlamydia<\/jats:italic>\n -infected amoebae. The amoebae can then reside on the respiratory epithelium within the new human host. It is possible that newly released\n P. acanthamoebae<\/jats:italic>\n can then directly infect human host cells, such as macrophages, pneumocytes or lung fibroblasts, or propagate within infected amoebae.\n P. acanthamoebae<\/jats:italic>\n has been found in humans with multiple respiratory infections such as pneumonia and bronchitis, indicating an association of the presence of this bacterium with severe disease. Transmission may also occur zoonotically through contact with contaminated animals. The understanding of potential complications of pregnancy associated with\n P. acanthamoebae<\/jats:italic>\n infection is not understood, but there may be an association with infertility or recurrent miscarriage. Identification and diagnosis can be performed by co-culture of respiratory samples with amoebae or by quantitative PCR using primers specific to\n P. acanthamoebae<\/jats:italic>\n . This bacterium is found around the world, but due to the lack of testing in patients, the incidence of infection is largely unknown.\n <\/jats:p>\n \n \n <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1099\/jmm.0.001953","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,19]],"date-time":"2025-03-19T10:20:47Z","timestamp":1742379647000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Parachlamydia acanthamoebae: disease-causing pathogen or opportunistic bystander?"],"prefix":"10.1099","volume":"74","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-4120-3238","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Simone E.","family":"Adams","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Microbiology, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carole","family":"Kebbi-Beghdadi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Microbiology, Lausanne University Hospital and University of 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