{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]],"date-time":"2026-08-17T23:49:31Z","timestamp":1787010571650,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":80,"publisher":"Microbiology Society","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,12]],"date-time":"2025-03-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1741737600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"UKHSA Grant in Aid"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    <jats:italic>\n                      <jats:named-content content-type=\"#213368\">A corrigendum of this article has been published full details can be found at<\/jats:named-content>\n                    <\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1099\/jmm.0.002178\" xlink:type=\"simple\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1099\/jmm.0.002178<\/jats:ext-link>\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>The management of patients with acute infectious diseases can present significant challenges, especially if the causative agent has a propensity for person-to-person transmission. In such cases, effective patient management is dependent on both rapid identification of disease and the provision of necessary medical care while adhering to suitable infection prevention and control measures to reduce the potential for onwards transmission. The UK has operated a defined system for managing patients with high consequence infectious diseases (HCIDs) since the 1970s, when protocols were first implemented following the first descriptions of several viral haemorrhagic fever diseases, including Marburg virus disease, Lassa fever and Ebola virus disease (EVD). While more than 200 people with HCIDs have been treated in UK hospitals since the 1970s, most of these patients had COVID-19 or mpox during the early phases of new public health emergencies of international concern (PHEICs), prior to their removal from the UK HCID list in March 2020 and June 2022, respectively. Excluding PHEICs, 26\u2009patients have been treated in HCID treatment centres between 1962 and 2023: 10\u2009patients with Lassa fever, 7 with mpox prior to the 2022 PHEIC, 4 with Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS), 4 with EVD and 1 with Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever (CCHF). In total, 15 additional HCID patients were identified where treatment in a specialist centre did not occur due to retrospective diagnosis (4 patients with Lassa fever), mild or moderate illness [5 patients with avian influenza A(H5N1), 1 with MERS and 1 with CCHF] or death prior to transfer (2 patients with Lassa fever, 1 with CCHF and 1 with pneumonic plague). Here we summarize the UK HCID experience, including details about their detection, patient management and outcomes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1099\/jmm.0.001982","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,12]],"date-time":"2025-03-12T06:16:02Z","timestamp":1741760162000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Cases of high consequence infectious diseases identified in the UK, 1962\u20132023"],"prefix":"10.1099","volume":"74","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1348-7204","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Barry","family":"Atkinson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Diagnostics and Pathogen Characterisation, UK Health Security Agency, Porton Down, Salisbury, UK"},{"name":"NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Emerging and Zoonotic Infections, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mike","family":"Beadsworth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK"},{"name":"Tropical and Infectious Disease Unit, Royal Liverpool University Hospital, Liverpool University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4035-4562","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jake","family":"Dunning","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Royal Free London NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK"},{"name":"NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Emerging and Zoonotic Infections, UK"},{"name":"Pandemic Sciences Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"345","reference":[{"key":"R1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/v4101878"},{"key":"R2","article-title":"Fever! The Hunt for a New Killer Virus","author":"Fuller","year":"1974"},{"key":"R3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40506-016-0096-2"},{"key":"R4","article-title":"Health emergency preparedness for imported cases of high-consequence infectious diseases","year":"2019"},{"key":"R5","article-title":"The HLIU: a hospital within a hospital. HLIU Hosp. Hosp","year":"2016"},{"key":"R6","article-title":"Infectious diseases: our history. Infect. Dis. Our Hist","year":"2015"},{"key":"R7","article-title":"High consequence infectious diseases (HCID). GOV.UK","year":"2023"},{"key":"R8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/hs.2023.0167"},{"key":"R9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2006.01.022"},{"key":"R10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2010.06.017"},{"key":"R11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7326\/M15-0074"},{"key":"R12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.291.6508.1554"},{"key":"R13","article-title":"Imported fever service (IFS). GOV.UK","year":"2014"},{"key":"R14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/s0025727300015143"},{"key":"R15","article-title":"From biological warfare to healthcare: porton down, 1940-2000","author":"Hammond","year":"2000"},{"key":"R16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.2.6045.1173"},{"key":"R17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.3.5881.616"},{"key":"R18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"835","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1205.050052","article-title":"Historical lassa fever reports and 30-year clinical update","volume":"12","author":"Macher","year":"2006","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"R19","article-title":"Lassa Fever","year":"1975"},{"key":"R20","article-title":"Lassa fever","year":"1976"},{"key":"R21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.285.6347.1003"},{"key":"R22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.285.6347.1001"},{"key":"R23","first-page":"140","article-title":"Lassa fever in London: environmental health aspects","volume":"6","author":"Fernandes","year":"1984","journal-title":"Community Med"},{"key":"R24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(84)90679-2"},{"key":"R25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(85)90752-4"},{"key":"R26","first-page":"211","article-title":"Communicable disease report. January to March 1985","volume":"7","year":"1985","journal-title":"Community Med"},{"key":"R27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2003.11.009"},{"key":"R28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2807\/esw.07.06.02162-en"},{"key":"R29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2807\/ese.14.06.19117-en"},{"key":"R30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2807\/ese.14.10.19145-en"},{"key":"R31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.2.6086.541"},{"key":"R32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1504874"},{"key":"R33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(16)30386-5"},{"key":"R34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(13)61718-3"},{"key":"R35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2807\/ese.17.48.20327-en"},{"key":"R36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2807\/1560-7917.ES2014.19.30.20864"},{"key":"R37","article-title":"Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever case identified in England, following travel to Central Asia. GOV.UK","year":"2022"},{"key":"R38","article-title":"Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever: origins, reservoirs, transmission and guidelines. GOV.UK","year":"2024"},{"key":"R39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2807\/esw.02.08.01256-en"},{"key":"R40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2807\/ese.17.40.20290-en"},{"key":"R41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(13)70209-3"},{"key":"R42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2807\/ese.18.11.20427-en"},{"key":"R43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2020.01.043"},{"key":"R44","article-title":"New case of MERS-CoV identified in the United Kingdom","year":"2018"},{"key":"R45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2406.180017"},{"key":"R46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/v12111257"},{"key":"R47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2807\/1560-7917.ES.2018.23.38.1800509"},{"key":"R48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(22)00228-6"},{"key":"R49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2604.191164"},{"key":"R50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1462-2920.16129"},{"key":"R51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2807\/1560-7917.ES.2021.26.32.2100745"},{"key":"R52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2807\/1560-7917.ES.2022.27.5.2200061"},{"key":"R53","article-title":"Investigation into the risk to human health of avian influenza (influenza A H5N1) in England: technical briefing 5. GOV.UK","year":"2023"},{"key":"R54","article-title":"Guidance for hospitals on the prevention of spread of SARS","year":"2003"},{"key":"R55","article-title":"Guidance for primary care practitioners on investigation, management and reporting of SARS cases and contacts (including community infection control)","year":"2003"},{"key":"R56","first-page":"209","article-title":"SARS: UK public health response--past, present and future","volume":"6","author":"Chow","year":"2003","journal-title":"Commun Dis Public Health"},{"key":"R57","article-title":"China\u2019s latest SARS outbreak has been contained, but biosafety concerns remain \u2013 Update 7","year":"2004"},{"key":"R58","article-title":"Coronavirus (COVID-19) action plan. GOV.UK","year":"2020"},{"key":"R59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tmaid.2022.102540"},{"key":"R60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(22)00741-1"},{"key":"R61","article-title":"Principles for mpox control in the UK: 4 nations consensus statement. GOV.UK","year":"2023"},{"key":"R62","first-page":"642","article-title":"Update: multistate outbreak of monkeypox- Illinois, Indiana, Kansas, Missouri, Ohio, and Wisconsin, 2003","volume":"52","year":"2003","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"key":"R63","article-title":"NHS England\u202f\u00bb Update on High Consequence Infectious Disease (HCID) status of mpox","year":"2023"},{"key":"R64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0188453"},{"key":"R65","article-title":"Smallpox and mpox: the green book, chapter 29. GOV.UK","year":"2024"},{"key":"R66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/014107680409700512"},{"key":"R67","article-title":"Report of the investigation into the cause of the 1978 Birmingham smallpox occurrence. GOV.UK","year":"1980"},{"key":"R68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2607.200275"},{"key":"R69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1508.090015"},{"key":"R70","first-page":"1377","article-title":"Imported case of marburg hemorrhagic fever - Colorado, 2008","volume":"58","year":"2008","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"key":"R71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1000455"},{"key":"R72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciy443"},{"key":"R73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm6741a7"},{"key":"R74","article-title":"Mitigation strategy for avian influenza in wild birds in England and Wales. GOV.UK","year":"2024"},{"key":"R75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(23)00478-4"},{"key":"R76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3904\/kjim.2018.031"},{"key":"R77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/hs.2018.0115"},{"key":"R78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2902.220677"},{"key":"R79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid3101.241264"},{"key":"R80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2807\/1560-7917.ES.2024.29.6.2400023"}],"container-title":["Journal of Medical Microbiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.microbiologyresearch.org\/content\/journal\/jmm\/10.1099\/jmm.0.001982?crawler=true&mimetype=application\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,16]],"date-time":"2026-06-16T12:16:01Z","timestamp":1781612161000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.microbiologyresearch.org\/content\/journal\/jmm\/10.1099\/jmm.0.001982"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,12]]},"references-count":80,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,12]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1099\/jmm.0.001982","relation":{},"ISSN":["0022-2615","1473-5644"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0022-2615","type":"print"},{"value":"1473-5644","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,12]]}}}