{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,10]],"date-time":"2026-10-10T14:41:59Z","timestamp":1791643319699,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Microbiology Society","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,25]],"date-time":"2025-03-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1742860800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,25]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                  <jats:bold>Introduction.<\/jats:bold>\n                  <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic> contamination in the poultry industry poses substantial health risks, especially due to biofilm-forming strains that resist disinfection and antibiotic treatment. Biofilm-forming <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic> strains are particularly challenging to control, as they adhere to surfaces in production environments, leading to persistent contamination. This study assesses the prevalence of <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic>, examines antibiotic resistance patterns and evaluates biosecurity effectiveness at poultry farms in Kazakhstan.<\/jats:p>\n               <jats:p>\n                  <jats:bold>Hypothesis\/Gap Statement.<\/jats:bold> There is limited data on the prevalence and antibiotic resistance of biofilm-forming <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic> strains in Kazakhstan\u2019s poultry industry, highlighting a need to characterize these strains to inform effective control measures.<\/jats:p>\n               <jats:p>\n                  <jats:bold>Aim.<\/jats:bold> The purpose of this study was to systematically identify and characterize <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic> strains, including biofilm-forming types, within industrial poultry enterprises in Kazakhstan.<\/jats:p>\n               <jats:p>\n                  <jats:bold>Methodology.<\/jats:bold> A total of 660\u2009samples were collected from various poultry production sites, including feed, water sources, cloacal flushes and shoe covers. <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic> detection followed standardized protocols, and antibiotic sensitivity of identified strains was analysed to evaluate resistance patterns.<\/jats:p>\n               <jats:p>\n                  <jats:bold>Results.<\/jats:bold>\n                  <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic> was detected in 11.5% (95% CI) of the 660\u2009samples, with the highest contamination observed in shoe covers, cloacal flushes, feed and water. This prevalence rate indicates a significant presence of the pathogen in the country\u2019s poultry production chain, falling between the higher rates seen in countries like China (22.2%) and Egypt (29.1%) and the lower rates observed in countries like Brazil (3.4%). The most prevalent strain was <jats:italic>Salmonella gallinarum-pullorum<\/jats:italic> (61.8%), followed by <jats:italic>Salmonella typhimurium<\/jats:italic> (18.4%) and <jats:italic>Salmonella enteritidis<\/jats:italic> (14.5%). Antibiotic sensitivity analysis revealed that <jats:italic>S. gallinarum-pullorum<\/jats:italic> was largely susceptible to common antibiotics, while <jats:italic>S. typhimurium<\/jats:italic> displayed considerable resistance, emphasizing the need for alternative treatments.<\/jats:p>\n               <jats:p>\n                  <jats:bold>Conclusion.<\/jats:bold> The findings underscore the importance of strict sanitary and hygiene standards throughout poultry production, with a particular focus on managing biofilm-forming <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic> strains. Implementing comprehensive Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Points protocols is essential to address contamination hotspots effectively. Future studies should investigate genetic mechanisms underlying biofilm formation and resistance in <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic> strains to inform targeted interventions, ultimately improving food safety and public health outcomes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1099\/jmm.0.001993","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,25]],"date-time":"2025-03-25T16:19:04Z","timestamp":1742919544000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Surveillance of Salmonella and antimicrobial resistance in industrial poultry enterprises: biofilm-forming strains and critical control points"],"prefix":"10.1099","volume":"74","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-4193-3567","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Birzhan","family":"Biyashev","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Virology and Immunology, Kazakh National Agrarian Research University, Almaty, Republic of Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aygerim","family":"Zhusanbayeva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhumagul","family":"Kirkimbayeva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Asel","family":"Zholdasbekova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dinara","family":"Sarybayeva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"345","reference":[{"key":"R1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5455\/OVJ.2024.v14.i5.5"},{"key":"R2","article-title":"Statistics of agriculture, forestry, hunting and fishing economy"},{"key":"R3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.48077\/scihor7.2024.20"},{"key":"R4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.61751\/bmbr\/4.2023.53"},{"key":"R5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.31548\/ujvs.13(3).2022.25-33"},{"key":"R6","first-page":"17","article-title":"Assessment of quality and safety indicators of poultry carcasses produced at the enterprises of the West Kazakhstan region","volume":"2","author":"Abylgazinova","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci Educ Anim Husb"},{"key":"R7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cimid.2022.101854"},{"key":"R8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms9112319"},{"key":"R9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.52578\/2305-9397-2023-1-1-27-34"},{"key":"R10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10888705.2023.2214272"},{"key":"R11","article-title":"Poultry meat, edible offal, and poultry meat ready-to-cook. 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