{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T19:24:26Z","timestamp":1790623466821,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":107,"publisher":"Microbiology Society","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,13]],"date-time":"2025-05-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1747094400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,13]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                  <jats:bold>Introduction.<\/jats:bold> Alterations in ocular surface microbiota (OSM) have been noted in both dry eye disease (DED) and glaucoma. However, the combined effects of these conditions on OSM have not been explored.<\/jats:p>\n               <jats:p>\n                  <jats:bold>Hypothesis.<\/jats:bold> We hypothesized that patients with both glaucoma and dry eye would exhibit distinct changes in OSM composition and diversity compared to those with only glaucoma, only dry eye or healthy individuals.<\/jats:p>\n               <jats:p>\n                  <jats:bold>Aim.<\/jats:bold> We employed amplicon sequencing to investigate OSM profiles in patients with glaucoma and\/or dry eye disease.<\/jats:p>\n               <jats:p>\n                  <jats:bold>Methods.<\/jats:bold> Swab samples from the conjunctiva of both eyes were collected from 28 glaucomatous patients [13 without dry eye syndrome (G-only) and 15 with dry eye syndrome (G-DED)], 13 DED patients without glaucoma (DED-only) and 31 age-matched healthy controls (HCs). After V3\u2013V4 16S rRNA sequencing, MOTHUR tools and R language were used to elucidate and compare OSM composition and diversity between groups.<\/jats:p>\n               <jats:p>\n                  <jats:bold>Results.<\/jats:bold> Our data revealed very diverse bacterial communities with 28 phyla and 785 genera. All the groups shared the three most abundant phyla, <jats:italic>Actinobacteria<\/jats:italic> (67.47%), <jats:italic>Firmicutes<\/jats:italic> (17.14%) and <jats:italic>Proteobacteria<\/jats:italic> (13.73%). <jats:italic>Corynebacterium<\/jats:italic> (54.75%), <jats:italic>Staphylococcus<\/jats:italic> (10.71%), <jats:italic>Cutibacterium<\/jats:italic> (8.77%) and <jats:italic>Streptococcus<\/jats:italic> (3.20%) were the most abundant genera. Only the G-DED group showed higher alpha diversity than the HC group (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>&lt;0.05). However, significant differences in beta diversity were observed between all three patient groups and the HC group. The Differential Expression for Sequencing 2 (DESeq2) analysis unveiled an increased presence of opportunistic bacteria across all pathological groups, with the G-DED group demonstrating the most pronounced alterations.<\/jats:p>\n               <jats:p>\n                  <jats:bold>Conclusions.<\/jats:bold> Our findings confirm the predominance of Gram-positive bacteria in normal OSM and the rise of opportunistic Gram-negative bacteria in glaucoma and dry eye disease. This is the first study to characterize OSM in glaucoma patients with DED.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1099\/jmm.0.002013","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,13]],"date-time":"2025-05-13T16:16:19Z","timestamp":1747152979000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Alterations of ocular surface microbiome in glaucoma and its association with dry eye"],"prefix":"10.1099","volume":"74","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-5947-8154","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Houyem","family":"Kamdougha","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Microbiology, Department of Food Sciences, Fundamental and Applied Research for Animal & Health (FARAH), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Li\u00e8ge, 4000 Li\u00e8ge, Belgium"},{"name":"Laboratory of Microbiology, Habib Bourguiba University Hospital, Sfax University, Sfax, 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