{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,30]],"date-time":"2025-08-30T00:06:46Z","timestamp":1756512406434,"version":"3.44.0"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Microbiology Society","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,29]],"date-time":"2025-08-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1756425600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"NIH","award":["R01AI150687"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01AI150687"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,29]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                  <jats:bold>Introduction.<\/jats:bold> Infection is a leading cause of mortality during the first year of life, with the neonatal period being particularly high risk. It is critical to identify non-antibiotic approaches to improve neonatal infection outcomes due to the non-specific clinical signs of neonatal infection and negative consequences of early-life antibiotic exposure. Lactoferrin is a protein found in all mammalian milk that has a variety of antimicrobial properties. Clinical trials have shown that lactoferrin supplementation during the neonatal period decreases rates of sepsis.<\/jats:p>\n               <jats:p>\n                  <jats:bold>Knowledge Gap.<\/jats:bold> It remains unclear if there is an optimal lactoferrin preparation for human neonates.<\/jats:p>\n               <jats:p>\n                  <jats:bold>Aim.<\/jats:bold> Compare bacterial growth inhibition capabilities between different commercially available bovine-derived lactoferrin (bLF) preparations.<\/jats:p>\n               <jats:p>\n                  <jats:bold>Methodology.<\/jats:bold> This study uses a broth microdilution <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic> assay to directly compare the antibacterial effects and shelf stability of different bLF preparations against three common neonatal pathogens: <jats:italic>Escherichia coli<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>Klebsiella pneumoniae<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Streptococcus pneumoniae<\/jats:italic>.<\/jats:p>\n               <jats:p>\n                  <jats:bold>Results.<\/jats:bold> Bacterial growth inhibition differed significantly between bLF manufacturers and between different bLF lots\/batches from the same manufacturer. Approximately half of the bLF products demonstrated decreased bacterial growth inhibition capabilities within 7\u201314\u2009days after solubilization.<\/jats:p>\n               <jats:p>\n                  <jats:bold>Conclusion.<\/jats:bold> These findings may help select optimal bLF products for clinical use in the neonatal population, but additional <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic> studies are needed to confirm our <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic> findings.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1099\/jmm.0.002056","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,29]],"date-time":"2025-08-29T17:15:52Z","timestamp":1756487752000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Growth inhibition of common neonatal pathogens differs between bovine lactoferrin products"],"prefix":"10.1099","volume":"74","author":[{"given":"Kyra P.","family":"Watral","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Iowa Inflammation Program, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 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