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Although advances in genomics have recently refined species classification, serotyping, which is based on the antigenic variability of lipopolysaccharides O-antigens, still relies heavily on traditional and labour-intensive methods. In addition, the molecular basis of serovar diversity is not fully understood, which poses challenges for rapid and accurate serovar and\/or serogroup identification. However, identification of serovars remains crucial for epidemiological studies, surveillance, diagnostics, understanding host\u2013pathogen interactions and vaccine development. 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