{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,25]],"date-time":"2025-11-25T17:19:06Z","timestamp":1764091146825,"version":"3.45.0"},"reference-count":68,"publisher":"Microbiology Society","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,25]],"date-time":"2025-11-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764028800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Department of Health and Research, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, India","award":["File No 12013\/36\/2020-HR"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["File No 12013\/36\/2020-HR"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,25]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Introduction.<\/jats:bold>\n                    <jats:italic>Candida glabrata<\/jats:italic>\n                    is a pathogenic yeast in humans, recognized for its genomic plasticity and increasing prevalence of antifungal resistance, including multidrug-resistant phenotypes, especially in the US and European countries.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Hypothesis.<\/jats:bold>\n                    This study hypothesizes that the resistance mechanisms in clinically resistant strains of\n                    <jats:italic>C. glabrata<\/jats:italic>\n                    differ from laboratory-generated resistant strains.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Aim.<\/jats:bold>\n                    This study aims to understand the resistance mechanism in Indian clinical isolates of\n                    <jats:italic>C. glabrata.<\/jats:italic>\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Methodology.<\/jats:bold>\n                    A total of 240 clinical isolates of\n                    <jats:italic>C. glabrata<\/jats:italic>\n                    were tested for antifungal susceptibility and one resistant strain was artificially synthesized in the laboratory. Both clinical and lab-generated resistant strains were analysed for antifungal resistance using methods such as phenotypic assays, real-time quantitative PCR, Fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) analysis and targeted gene sequencing. Mechanisms involving drug efflux pumps, mismatch repair pathways, ergosterol biosynthesis pathway and biofilm formation were systematically studied.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Results.<\/jats:bold>\n                    Among clinical isolates, one susceptible-dose dependent strain and three fluconazole-resistant strains were identified. Both clinical and lab-generated resistant strains demonstrated antifungal resistance phenotypically, with increased expression of\n                    <jats:italic>CDR1<\/jats:italic>\n                    . Targeted gene sequencing revealed novel mutations in\n                    <jats:italic>PDR1<\/jats:italic>\n                    , while mutations in\n                    <jats:italic>MSH2<\/jats:italic>\n                    served as genotypic markers for resistance. Overexpression of\n                    <jats:italic>ERG11<\/jats:italic>\n                    was seen in a lab-generated resistant strain where a specific mutation was identified. Biofilm activity contributed to resistance in one of the clinical strains.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Conclusion.<\/jats:bold>\n                    This study reports for the first time the fluconazole resistance mechanism in\n                    <jats:italic>C. glabrata<\/jats:italic>\n                    from India. The findings underscore the diversity of resistance mechanisms among clinical and lab-generated isolates, emphasizing the need for novel antifungal therapies to address these emerging resistance profiles effectively.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1099\/jmm.0.002083","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,25]],"date-time":"2025-11-25T17:16:32Z","timestamp":1764090992000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Mechanism of azole resistance in Candida glabrata isolates from India: clinical vs. induced perspectives"],"prefix":"10.1099","volume":"74","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5369-9121","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kalpana","family":"Pawar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Medical Mycology Unit, Vallabhbhai Patel Chest Institute, University of Delhi, Delhi, India"},{"name":"Present address: Independent Researcher, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, 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