{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,17]],"date-time":"2026-07-17T13:07:09Z","timestamp":1784293629382,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"Microbiology Society","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,21]],"date-time":"2026-01-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1768953600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Herbert A. Wenner Fellowship Award"},{"name":"Children\u2019s Mercy Research Institute Research Partners Innovation Award"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,21]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Introduction.<\/jats:bold>\n                    <jats:italic>Escherichia coli<\/jats:italic>\n                    is a dominant cause of neonatal sepsis for which no prevention measures currently exist. Lactoferrin (LF) is an iron-sequestering antibacterial protein that has been noticed to decrease neonatal late-onset sepsis.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Hypothesis\/Gap Statement.<\/jats:bold>\n                    LF\u2019s effect on\n                    <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                    growth of neonatal\n                    <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic>\n                    clinical isolates causing septicaemia is unknown. The prevalence of iron acquisition virulence genes which contribute to pathogenicity outcomes in these strains has also not been described in detail.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Aim.<\/jats:bold>\n                    To evaluate bovine lactoferrin\u2019s (bLF) effects on the\n                    <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                    growth of neonatal septicaemia\n                    <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic>\n                    isolates, and to determine the presence of iron acquisition virulence genes in these isolates.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Methodology.<\/jats:bold>\n                    <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic>\n                    clinical strains isolated from blood of septic neonates, including the archetypal RS218 strain, all representing prevalent phylogroups and multi-locus sequence types among neonatal invasive strains were studied. Strains were grown in batch growth with 0, 0.1, 1.0 and 10 mg ml\n                    <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                    bLF. OD measurements over time were used to generate growth curves, and the area under these curves was statistically compared using ANOVA or Kruskal\u2013Wallis tests. Whole-genome sequencing (WGS) data were used to identify iron acquisition genes.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Results.<\/jats:bold>\n                    For all strains, growth decrease with 10 mg ml\n                    <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                    bLF compared to zero was highly significant (\n                    <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                    &lt;0.001), and with 1 mg ml\n                    <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                    for some strains (\n                    <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u22640.02). WGS showed that all neonatal strains carried several iron acquisition virulence genes, including\n                    <jats:italic>chuA<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>fyuA<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>irp2<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>sitA<\/jats:italic>\n                    . Additional siderophore genes were found in some strains.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Conclusion.<\/jats:bold>\n                    bLF is effective in impairing growth of neonatal sepsis-causing\n                    <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic>\n                    regardless of the presence of multiple iron acquisition virulence genes.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1099\/jmm.0.002116","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,21]],"date-time":"2026-01-21T18:16:56Z","timestamp":1769019416000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Bovine lactoferrin maintains antibacterial effect against neonatal Escherichia coli septicaemia isolates despite the presence of iron acquisition genes"],"prefix":"10.1099","volume":"75","author":[{"given":"Matthew","family":"Mayorga","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Kansas City University College of Osteopathic Medicine, Kansas City, 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