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The two main pathogens which infect these wounds are\n                    <jats:italic>Pseudomonas aeruginosa<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>Staphylococcus aureus<\/jats:italic>\n                    . However, many other species can be present in wound infections, including skin commensal bacteria such as\n                    <jats:italic>Staphylococcus epidermidis<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>Micrococcus luteus<\/jats:italic>\n                    .\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Hypothesis.<\/jats:bold>\n                    It was hypothesized that co-infection alters the antibiotic resistance of each species present.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Aim.<\/jats:bold>\n                    To investigate dual-species commensal-pathogen co-culture and assess the potential influence on the antibiotic resistance of each species.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Methodology.<\/jats:bold>\n                    The commensal and pathogenic species were grown either separately or in dual-species co-culture, potentially allowing biofilm formation for 24\u2009h and were subsequently treated with antibiotics (ciprofloxacin or tobramycin). The impact of the co-culture growth was compared with single species cultures and the effect of the antimicrobial treatment on both conditions were assessed through Minimum Biofilm Eradication Concentrations (MBECs) and bacterial viable counts.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Results.<\/jats:bold>\n                    The viability of each bacterial species was reduced in the presence of other species, and this translated to reduced antibiotic resistance (lower MBECs) of\n                    <jats:italic>P. aeruginosa<\/jats:italic>\n                    in particular. The resistance of the other species appeared more dependent on the specific inter-species effects.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Conclusion.<\/jats:bold>\n                    The inclusion of a commensal species with pathogens in co-culture reduced the antibiotic resistance, and inter-species effects influenced the viability of the pathogens. More realistic antimicrobial resistance assessment protocols accounting for microbial communities could therefore lead to more effective treatments.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1099\/jmm.0.002126","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,24]],"date-time":"2026-02-24T17:16:47Z","timestamp":1771953407000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Can commensals alter pathogen\u2019s antibiotic resistance during co-culture?"],"prefix":"10.1099","volume":"75","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7074-6893","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexander D. 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