{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]],"date-time":"2026-09-14T20:56:32Z","timestamp":1789419392158,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"Microbiology Society","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,31]],"date-time":"2026-03-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1774915200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100016039","name":"Center for Depression Research and Clinical Care, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["QWYH2022341"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["QWYH2022341"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100016039","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"the specific research fund of The Innovation Platform for Academicians of Hainan Province","award":["YSPTZX202208"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["YSPTZX202208"]}]},{"name":"the Key Laboratory of Tropical Fruits and Vegetables Quality and Safety, State Administration for Market Regulation","award":["KF2024014"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KF2024014"]}]},{"name":"the Scientific Research Start-up Project of Hainan Medical University","award":["XRC200012"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["XRC200012"]}]},{"name":"Hainan Province Science and Technology Projects","award":["QCXM202017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["QCXM202017"]}]},{"name":"Hainan Province Science and Technology Projects","award":["820RC639"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["820RC639"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,31]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Introduction.<\/jats:bold>\n                    Traditional Chinese medicines (TCMs) may carry microbial hazards, yet conventional inspection methods often underestimate their diversity and risks.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Hypothesis.<\/jats:bold>\n                    Culture-based methods may overlook significant microbial diversity and potential pathogens compared with sequencing approaches.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Aim.<\/jats:bold>\n                    This study aimed to compare culture-based identification (VITEK-2) with 16S rRNA high-throughput sequencing for microbial detection in selected TCMs.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Methodology.<\/jats:bold>\n                    Thirty batches of five southern TCM samples, including\n                    <jats:italic>Areca catechu<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>Alpinia oxyphylla<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>Eugenia caryophyllata<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>Pogostemon cablin<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>Morinda officinalis<\/jats:italic>\n                    , were analysed for microbial contamination according to the \u2018Pharmacopoeia of the People\u2019s Republic of China\u2019 (2020 Edition). Culture-based isolates were identified using VITEK-2, and microbial communities were profiled by 16S rRNA sequencing.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Results.<\/jats:bold>\n                    Culture-based methods identified bile salt-resistant Gram-negative bacteria in 12 out of 30 batches (40%), comprising seven genera spanning two phyla, including\n                    <jats:italic>Enterobacter cloacae<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>Pseudomonas aeruginosa<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>Cronobacter sakazakii<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>Klebsiella pneumoniae<\/jats:italic>\n                    . Sequencing identified 795 genera across 26 phyla, revealing far greater diversity, though DNA signatures of some cultured taxa (e.g.\n                    <jats:italic>Enterobacter<\/jats:italic>\n                    in\n                    <jats:italic>M. officinalis<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>Leclercia<\/jats:italic>\n                    in\n                    <jats:italic>Areca catechu<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) were undetected. Microbial composition varied significantly among TCMs.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Conclusion.<\/jats:bold>\n                    Sequencing uncovered substantially broader microbial diversity than culture-based methods, while both approaches identified pathogenic and opportunistic microbes. These findings emphasize the critical need for more rigorous microbial surveillance and stringent quality control of TCMs to protect public health.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1099\/jmm.0.002137","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,31]],"date-time":"2026-03-31T16:15:53Z","timestamp":1774973753000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Microbial profiling of five traditional Chinese medicines: culture-based identification vs. 16S rRNA sequencing"],"prefix":"10.1099","volume":"75","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9749-5203","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Banzhan","family":"Ruan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Hainan Medical University, Haikou 571199, PR China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Emergency and Trauma of Ministry of Education, Engineering Research Center for Hainan Biological Sample Resources of Major Diseases, Hainan Branch of National 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