{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,19]],"date-time":"2026-03-19T00:32:16Z","timestamp":1773880336896,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":9,"publisher":"Microbiology Society","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,18]],"date-time":"2026-03-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1773792000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,18]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Introduction.<\/jats:bold>\n                    <jats:italic>Helicobacter pylori<\/jats:italic>\n                    colonizes large proportions of the global population and is associated with the development of gastric ulcers and cancer. Antimicrobial resistance to multiple first-line antibiotics is a major contributing factor in treatment failure.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Gap statement.<\/jats:bold>\n                    Within the UK, there is limited up-to-date information on antimicrobial susceptibility and resistance (AMR) rates in\n                    <jats:italic>H. pylori<\/jats:italic>\n                    .\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Aim.<\/jats:bold>\n                    To assess increasing gastric biopsy referrals and temporal trends in antimicrobial resistance in\n                    <jats:italic>H. pylori<\/jats:italic>\n                    recovered from gastric biopsy specimens by the Gastrointestinal Bacteria Reference Unit (GBRU) over a 5-year period (2020 to 2024).\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Methodology.<\/jats:bold>\n                    <jats:italic>H. pylori<\/jats:italic>\n                    was recovered from gastric biopsies of patients predominantly with recurrent\/persistent infection, collected by endoscopy across the UK through culture on selective and non-selective agar media. Antimicrobial susceptibility to metronidazole, clarithromycin, levofloxacin, amoxicillin and tetracycline was determined phenotypically by E-test.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Results.<\/jats:bold>\n                    Twelve thousand six hundred sixty gastric biopsy specimens were received from which viable\n                    <jats:italic>H. pylori<\/jats:italic>\n                    was successfully recovered and susceptibility testing was performed for 40.5%, with 53.9% recovered from specimens received within 1\u2009day following collection and decreasing to &lt;35.0% after 4\u2009days. Most (96.1%) were found to be resistant to metronidazole, followed by clarithromycin (82.2%) and levofloxacin (31.5%), with resistance to amoxicillin (1.2%) and tetracycline (0.2%) rarely detected.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Conclusion.<\/jats:bold>\n                    Within treatment-refractory patients in the UK, there is a high prevalence of resistance to metronidazole and clarithromycin. There is an urgent need to establish UK primary resistance rates in treatment-na\u00efve patients to support a review of regional first-line treatment regimes. These results support a need for rapid, local isolation of\n                    <jats:italic>H. pylori<\/jats:italic>\n                    by clinical microbiology laboratories to maximize patient benefit due to delays in testing, significantly reducing the likelihood of recovering viable strains for susceptibility testing, and demonstrate that implementation of molecular tests could support better patient management.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1099\/jmm.0.002142","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,18]],"date-time":"2026-03-18T18:15:44Z","timestamp":1773857744000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["A 5-year review of Helicobacter pylori isolated from gastric biopsies at the UK Health Security Agency Gastrointestinal Bacteria Reference Unit"],"prefix":"10.1099","volume":"75","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-1401-9742","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Craig","family":"Swift","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"UK Health Security Agency, London, England, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Claire","family":"Jenkins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NIHR Health Protection Research Unit, Gastrointestinal Infections, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK"},{"name":"UK Health Security Agency, London, England, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marie Anne","family":"Chattaway","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NIHR Health Protection Research Unit, Gastrointestinal Infections, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK"},{"name":"UK Health Security Agency, London, England, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Vanessa","family":"Wong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UK Health Security Agency, London, England, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Derren","family":"Ready","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NIHR Health Protection Research Unit, Evaluation and Behavioural Science, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK"},{"name":"UK Health Security Agency, London, England, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gauri","family":"Godbole","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UK Health Security Agency, London, England, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"345","reference":[{"key":"R1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41572-023-00431-8"},{"key":"R2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms11051312"},{"key":"R3","article-title":"Helicobacter pylori infection"},{"key":"R4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/jmm.0.001776"},{"key":"R5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(25)00118-5"},{"key":"R6","first-page":"1","article-title":"Investigation of infectious causes of dyspepsia","year":"2019"},{"key":"R7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2022-327745"},{"key":"R8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jgh3.12843"},{"key":"R9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkaf114"}],"container-title":["Journal of Medical Microbiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.microbiologyresearch.org\/content\/journal\/jmm\/10.1099\/jmm.0.002142?crawler=true&mimetype=application\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,18]],"date-time":"2026-03-18T18:15:45Z","timestamp":1773857745000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.microbiologyresearch.org\/content\/journal\/jmm\/10.1099\/jmm.0.002142"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,18]]},"references-count":9,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,18]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1099\/jmm.0.002142","relation":{},"ISSN":["0022-2615","1473-5644"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0022-2615","type":"print"},{"value":"1473-5644","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,18]]}}}