{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,18]],"date-time":"2026-06-18T16:57:01Z","timestamp":1781801821446,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"Microbiology Society","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,18]],"date-time":"2026-06-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1781740800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,18]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Introduction.<\/jats:bold>\n                    Infections caused by borderline oxacillin-resistant\n                    <jats:italic>Staphylococcus aureus<\/jats:italic>\n                    (BORSA) isolates can be misdiagnosed as methicillin-resistant\n                    <jats:italic>Staphylococcus aureus<\/jats:italic>\n                    (MRSA) or methicillin-sensitive\n                    <jats:italic>Staphylococcus aureus<\/jats:italic>\n                    (MSSA), resulting in problems with antibiotic therapy.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Gap statement.<\/jats:bold>\n                    There is a paucity of data available describing the effectiveness of beta-lactam therapy on BORSA infections.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Aim<\/jats:bold>\n                    . Compare the efficacy of oxacillin, flucloxacillin and high-dose flucloxacillin therapy on MSSA, MRSA and BORSA infections\n                    <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                    using larvae of the greater wax moth,\n                    <jats:italic>Galleria mellonella<\/jats:italic>\n                    .\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Methodology.<\/jats:bold>\n                    Clinical isolates of MSSA, MRSA and BORSA were used to infect larvae, and the effect of administration of oxacillin and flucloxacillin, including high-dose flucloxacillin, on survival was compared.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Results.<\/jats:bold>\n                    A typical dose of oxacillin or flucloxacillin administered to\n                    <jats:italic>G. mellonella<\/jats:italic>\n                    larvae infected with an MSSA strain resulted in effective therapy. The same doses given to larvae infected with MRSA or BORSA isolates conferred no therapeutic benefit. Similarly, treatment with high-dose flucloxacillin of larvae infected with the same isolates also offered no therapeutic benefit after 4\u2009days.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Conclusion.<\/jats:bold>\n                    Treatment of BORSA infections of\n                    <jats:italic>G. mellonella<\/jats:italic>\n                    with high-dose flucloxacillin was not successful, implying that BORSA infections should be treated with non-penicillin antibiotics such as vancomycin. The study also confirmed the utility of using\n                    <jats:italic>G. mellonella<\/jats:italic>\n                    larvae for studying the efficacy of different antibiotic therapies against\n                    <jats:italic>S. aureus<\/jats:italic>\n                    infections.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1099\/jmm.0.002180","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,18]],"date-time":"2026-06-18T16:16:57Z","timestamp":1781799417000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Investigation of the efficacy of high-dose flucloxacillin therapy for borderline oxacillin-resistant (BORSA) Staphylococcus aureus infections of Galleria mellonella larvae"],"prefix":"10.1099","volume":"75","author":[{"given":"Dorian","family":"Jones","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Biomedical Sciences Research Complex, School of Biology, University of St Andrews, The North Haugh, St Andrews, Fife KY16 9ST, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Benjamin J.","family":"Parcell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Population Health and Genomics, School of Medicine, University of Dundee, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, Dundee DD1 9SY, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5190-805X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Peter J.","family":"Coote","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biomedical Sciences Research Complex, School of Biology, University of St Andrews, The North Haugh, St Andrews, Fife KY16 9ST, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"345","reference":[{"key":"R1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00134-14"},{"key":"R2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro2200"},{"key":"R3","article-title":"Multidrug-resistant organism and Clostridioides difficile infection (MDRO\/CDI) module","year":"2026"},{"key":"R4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.10.4.781"},{"key":"R5","article-title":"Breakpoint tables for interpretation of MICs and zone diameters. 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