{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,3]],"date-time":"2026-08-03T09:46:47Z","timestamp":1785750407632,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":76,"publisher":"Microbiology Society","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,29]],"date-time":"2026-07-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785283200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001638","name":"Dublin City University","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["Educational Trust"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Educational Trust"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001638","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010269","name":"Wellcome Trust","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["215333\/Z\/19\/Z"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["215333\/Z\/19\/Z"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010269","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,29]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Introduction.<\/jats:bold>\n                    Hospital-acquired infections (HAIs) frequently manifest as device-related biofilms that exhibit enhanced tolerance to conventional therapies contributing to antimicrobial resistance. Polymicrobial biofilms involving\n                    <jats:italic>Candida<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>Staphylococcus<\/jats:italic>\n                    species are a major cause of persistent nosocomial infections. However, while the synergism between\n                    <jats:italic>Candida albicans<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>Staphylococcus aureus<\/jats:italic>\n                    is well-characterized, the interactions involving non-albicans\n                    <jats:italic>Candida<\/jats:italic>\n                    remain poorly understood.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Hypothesis\/Gap Statement.<\/jats:bold>\n                    The specific interactions between\n                    <jats:italic>Candida parapsilosis<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>S. aureus<\/jats:italic>\n                    were entirely unknown, although it was broadly assumed they would be synergistic in nature, mirroring known\n                    <jats:italic>Candida\u2013Staphylococcus<\/jats:italic>\n                    models.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Aim.<\/jats:bold>\n                    This study investigated the interspecies dynamics between\n                    <jats:italic>C. parapsilosis<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>S. aureus<\/jats:italic>\n                    within a mixed biofilm context.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Methodology.<\/jats:bold>\n                    <jats:italic>C. parapsilosis<\/jats:italic>\n                    secretome fractions were isolated and screened against methicillin-sensitive (MSSA) and methicillin-resistant (MRSA)\n                    <jats:italic>S. aureus<\/jats:italic>\n                    strains. Their effects on biofilm formation, primary attachment, planktonic growth and eradication were evaluated under varying glucose concentrations, followed by transcriptomic analysis of treated staphylococcal cells.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Results.<\/jats:bold>\n                    We report the discovery of a small (&lt;10\u2009kDa), heat-stable fungal-secreted factor that significantly inhibits the maturation of MSSA biofilms and disperses preformed biomass without affecting primary attachment or planktonic growth, although MRSA strains remained recalcitrant. This antagonism is strictly glucose-dependent; the inhibitory effect is potent in 0.2% glucose but is abolished in both 0.5 and 1.0%\u2009glucose. Transcriptome analysis revealed that the fungal secretome triggers a pleiotropic \u2018Metabolic Trap\u2019 in\n                    <jats:italic>S. aureus<\/jats:italic>\n                    , characterized by the downregulation of the glycolytic pathway (e.g.\n                    <jats:italic>tpiA<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>gapA<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) and a failure to induce critical-acid-tolerance systems, including the arginine deiminase and urease operons. This metabolic reprogramming maintains a near-neutral local pH (5.8\u20136), which in turn provides an optimal environment for the observed upregulation of staphylococcal nuclease (\n                    <jats:italic>nuc<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) ultimately degrading the extracellular matrix and preventing the development of a mature biofilm architecture.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Conclusion.<\/jats:bold>\n                    We propose that the\n                    <jats:italic>C. parapsilosis<\/jats:italic>\n                    secretome effectively tricks\n                    <jats:italic>S. aureus<\/jats:italic>\n                    into a premature exodus phase, where nuclease-mediated matrix degradation prevents the establishment of a stable biofilm architecture. These findings underscore the highly species-specific nature of fungal\u2013bacterial interactions and identify a specific metabolic vulnerability in\n                    <jats:italic>S. aureus<\/jats:italic>\n                    that may be exploited to develop novel anti-biofilm strategies against polymicrobial communities.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1099\/jmm.0.002186","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,28]],"date-time":"2026-07-28T16:16:37Z","timestamp":1785255397000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The metabolic trap: Candida parapsilosis inhibits Staphylococcus aureus biofilm maturation by disrupting pH homeostasis and inducing premature exodus"],"prefix":"10.1099","volume":"75","author":[{"given":"Ciara","family":"Furlong","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biotechnology, Dublin City University, Dublin 9, 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