{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,7]],"date-time":"2026-08-07T17:27:56Z","timestamp":1786123676150,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Microbiology Society","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,7]],"date-time":"2026-08-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1786060800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000072","name":"National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["R01DE027669"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01DE027669"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000072","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Introduction.<\/jats:bold>\n                    Oral bacteria, such as\n                    <jats:italic>Rothia dentocariosa<\/jats:italic>\n                    (\n                    <jats:italic>Rd<\/jats:italic>\n                    ), can modulate external aqueous phase orthophosphate (P\n                    <jats:sub>i<\/jats:sub>\n                    ) concentrations via P\n                    <jats:sub>i<\/jats:sub>\n                    internalization and accumulate high amounts of P\n                    <jats:sub>i<\/jats:sub>\n                    in the form of polyphosphate (polyP).\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Hypothesis\/Gap Statement.<\/jats:bold>\n                    This study investigates whether the carbohydrate metabolism of\n                    <jats:italic>Rd<\/jats:italic>\n                    that generates acid and solubilizes P\n                    <jats:sub>i<\/jats:sub>\n                    , derived from phosphorus-32 (\n                    <jats:sup>32<\/jats:sup>\n                    P)-labelled tooth enamel, can be internalized and incorporated into intracellular polyP. The study investigated the hypothesis that the internalization of tooth-derived P\n                    <jats:sub>i<\/jats:sub>\n                    and polyP synthesis could be attenuated.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Aim.<\/jats:bold>\n                    A radionuclide\n                    <jats:sup>32<\/jats:sup>\n                    P-labelled remineralized model examined the influence of gallein, an inhibitor of polyP kinases, on the ingestion of tooth-derived P\n                    <jats:sub>i<\/jats:sub>\n                    and on the bacterium\u2019s cultivability.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Methodology.<\/jats:bold>\n                    Radionuclide\n                    <jats:sup>32<\/jats:sup>\n                    P-labelled remineralized bovine enamel (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    =6) was exposed to\n                    <jats:italic>Rd<\/jats:italic>\n                    (ATCC 17931) incubated in brain heart infusion (BHI) broth containing glucose. Attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and cross-polarization optical coherence tomography assessed the surface and subsurface characteristics of the remineralized and demineralized enamel surface. Liquid scintillation traced the\n                    <jats:sup>32<\/jats:sup>\n                    P release from the tooth to the intracellular polyP in gallein\n                    <jats:sup>pos\/neg<\/jats:sup>\n                    samples. Cell-media, supernatant, cell resuspension, and extracted polyP, from\n                    <jats:italic>Rd<\/jats:italic>\n                    exposed to the radioisotope-labelled remineralized enamel, were analysed for\n                    <jats:sup>32<\/jats:sup>\n                    P activity at 10 and 22\u2009h time points.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Results.<\/jats:bold>\n                    FTIR determined that\n                    <jats:sup>32<\/jats:sup>\n                    P was incorporated in dental enamel lesions and was released after exposure to an acidic buffer (pH=4.5) or\n                    <jats:italic>Rd<\/jats:italic>\n                    . After 24\u2009h of exposure, gallein\n                    <jats:sup>pos<\/jats:sup>\n                    reduced\n                    <jats:italic>Rd<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2019s planktonic growth and increased pH by 7.45% and 7.19%,\u2009respectively, compared to gallein\n                    <jats:sup>neg<\/jats:sup>\n                    . Gallein inhibited the cultivability of planktonic\n                    <jats:italic>Rd<\/jats:italic>\n                    on BHI agar plates with a 13- to 60-fold reduction of c.f.u. ml\n                    <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                    (25\u2009\u00b5M\u201313.03\u00d7, 50\u2009\u00b5M\u201319.58\u00d7 and 100\u2009\u00b5M\u201360.57\u00d7) compared to gallein\n                    <jats:sup>neg<\/jats:sup>\n                    samples. Isotope labelling demonstrated that\n                    <jats:italic>Rd<\/jats:italic>\n                    used P\n                    <jats:sub>i<\/jats:sub>\n                    derived directly from the tooth for the benefit of the bacterium\u2019s fitness through the formation of polyP.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Conclusion.<\/jats:bold>\n                    <jats:italic>Rd<\/jats:italic>\n                    used the P\n                    <jats:sub>i<\/jats:sub>\n                    derived directly from the tooth for the benefit of the bacterium\u2019s fitness. Gallein attenuated polyP accumulation, reduced bacterial cultivability and may be a potential therapy option in the prevention and treatment of primary and secondary caries.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1099\/jmm.0.002192","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,7]],"date-time":"2026-08-07T16:16:26Z","timestamp":1786119386000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Ex vivo inhibition of enamel phosphate uptake in Rothia dentocariosa"],"prefix":"10.1099","volume":"75","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1008-8638","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dhiraj","family":"Kumar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Diagnostic & Biological Sciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9213-3657","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Robert 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