{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,13]],"date-time":"2026-02-13T06:14:43Z","timestamp":1770963283732,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":13,"publisher":"Microbiology Society","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,3,1]]},"abstract":"\n Acanthamoeba<\/jats:italic> is an opportunistic protozoan pathogen that can cause blinding keratitis and a rare but fatal encephalitis involving the central nervous system with a very poor prognosis. This is due to limited availability of effective anti-acanthamoebic drugs. Here, we tested whether the use of liposomes can improve the potency of pentamidine isethionate, an anti-amoebic compound. The liposomes consisted of l<\/jats:sc>-\u03b1<\/jats:italic>-phosphatidylcholine and cholesterol or ergosterol in a molar ratio of 1\u200a:\u200a5. Pentamidine isethionate was incorporated to achieve a final drug to lipid ratio of 1\u200a:\u200a5. At a drug concentration of 10\u2005\u03bcg\u2005ml\u22121<\/jats:sup>, the liposomal drug was >12 times more effective than the free drug at preventing Acanthamoeba<\/jats:italic> binding to human cells and significantly more effective in reducing parasite-mediated human cell cytopathogenicity, compared with the drug alone. Both the free and liposomal drug blocked Acanthamoeba<\/jats:italic> encystation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1099\/jmm.0.006494-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,2,10]],"date-time":"2009-02-10T19:51:08Z","timestamp":1234295468000},"page":"327-330","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Effect of free versus liposomal-complexed pentamidine isethionate on biological characteristics of Acanthamoeba castellanii in vitro"],"prefix":"10.1099","volume":"58","author":[{"given":"Ruqaiyyah","family":"Siddiqui","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington LE12 5RD, UK"},{"name":"School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Birkbeck College, University of London, London, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Abdul","family":"Syed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Birkbeck College, University of London, London, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Salvador","family":"Tomas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Birkbeck College, University of London, London, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jose","family":"Prieto-Garcia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pharmacy, University of London, London, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Naveed Ahmed","family":"Khan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington LE12 5RD, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"345","reference":[{"key":"R1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1097\/00003226-199701000-00016","article-title":"In vitro amoebicidal activity of propamidine and pentamidine isethionate against Acanthamoeba species and toxicity to corneal tissues","volume":"16","author":"Alizadeh","year":"1997","journal-title":"Cornea"},{"key":"R2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2003.07.001","article-title":"Acanthamoeba interactions with human brain microvascular endothelial cells","volume":"35","author":"Alsam","year":"2003","journal-title":"Microb Pathog"},{"key":"R3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"647","DOI":"10.1211\/002235703765344559","article-title":"In vitro antileishmanial and trypanocidal activities of arsonoliposomes and preliminary in vivo distribution","volume":"55","author":"Antimisiaris","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Pharm Pharmacol"},{"key":"R4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"835","DOI":"10.1038\/eye.1990.132","article-title":"Acanthamoeba keratitis \u2013 resistance to medical therapy","volume":"4","author":"Ficker","year":"1990","journal-title":"Eye"},{"key":"R5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1007\/s002840010325","article-title":"Pathogenicity, morphology, and differentiation of Acanthamoeba","volume":"43","author":"Khan","year":"2001","journal-title":"Curr Microbiol"},{"key":"R6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"564","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-6976.2006.00023.x","article-title":"Acanthamoeba : biology and increasing importance in human health","volume":"30","author":"Khan","year":"2006","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol Rev"},{"key":"R7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.16.2.273-307.2003","article-title":"Acanthamoeba spp. as agents of disease in humans","volume":"16","author":"Marciano-Cabral","year":"2003","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Rev"},{"key":"R8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"620","DOI":"10.1248\/cpb.53.620","article-title":"Preparation and evaluation of proliposomes containing clotrimazole","volume":"53","author":"Ning","year":"2005","journal-title":"Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo"},{"key":"R9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1731","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.41.8.1731","article-title":"Activity of a new liposomal formulation of amphotericin B against two strains of Leishmania infantum in a murine model","volume":"41","author":"Paul","year":"1997","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"R10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2704","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.73.5.2704-2708.2005","article-title":"Acanthamoeba castellanii induces host cell death via a phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase-dependent mechanism","volume":"73","author":"Sissons","year":"2005","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"R11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-5728(97)00036-2","article-title":"Selective expression of adhesion molecules on human brain microvascular endothelial cells","volume":"76","author":"Stins","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Neuroimmunol"},{"key":"R12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/46.1.27","article-title":"Emergence of resistance to biocides during differentiation of Acanthamoeba castellanii","volume":"46","author":"Turner","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Antimicrob Chemother"},{"key":"R13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-695X.2007.00232.x","article-title":"Pathogenic and opportunistic free-living amoebae: Acanthamoeba spp., Balamuthia mandrillaris , Naegleria fowleri , and Sappinia diploidea","volume":"50","author":"Visvesvara","year":"2007","journal-title":"FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol"}],"container-title":["Journal of Medical Microbiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.microbiologyresearch.org\/content\/journal\/jmm\/10.1099\/jmm.0.006494-0?crawler=true","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,28]],"date-time":"2020-09-28T07:24:50Z","timestamp":1601277890000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.microbiologyresearch.org\/content\/journal\/jmm\/10.1099\/jmm.0.006494-0"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2009,3,1]]},"references-count":13,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,3,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1099\/jmm.0.006494-0","relation":{},"ISSN":["0022-2615","1473-5644"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0022-2615","type":"print"},{"value":"1473-5644","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2009,3,1]]}}}