{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,9]],"date-time":"2026-01-09T03:11:34Z","timestamp":1767928294039,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Microbiology Society","issue":"6","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,6,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Anthrax is a zoonotic disease caused by<jats:italic>Bacillus anthracis<\/jats:italic>. The infection is associated with inflammation and sepsis, but little is known about the acute-phase response during disease and the nature of the bacterial factors causing it. In this study, we examined the levels of the acute-phase proteins (APPs) in comparative experiments using mice challenged with spores and a purified<jats:italic>B. anthracis<\/jats:italic>protease InhA as a possible factor mediating the response. A strong increase in the plasma levels of APPs such as haptoglobin and serum amyloid A was observed during infection. Protein and mRNA levels of plasminogen activator inhibitor (PAI)-1 in the liver were also increased concurrently with bacterial dissemination at 72\u2005h post-infection. Similar effects were observed at 6\u2005h post injection with InhA. Induction of hepatic transforming growth factor-<jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic>1, a PAI-1 inducer, was also found in the liver of InhA-injected mice. PAI-1 elevation by InhA resulted in an increased level of urokinase-type plasminogen activator complex with PAI-1 and a decreased level of D-dimers indicating inhibition of blood fibrinolysis. These results reveal an acute liver response to anthrax infection and provide a plausible pathophysiological link between the host inflammatory response and the pro-thrombotic haemostatic imbalance in the course of disease through PAI-1 induction in the liver.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1099\/jmm.0.007427-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,5,8]],"date-time":"2009-05-08T17:23:51Z","timestamp":1241803431000},"page":"737-744","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["Activation of plasminogen activator inhibitor implicates protease InhA in the acute-phase response to Bacillus anthracis infection"],"prefix":"10.1099","volume":"58","author":[{"given":"Myung-Chul","family":"Chung","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"National Center for Biodefense and Infectious Diseases, George Mason University, 10900 University Blvd, Manassas, VA 20110, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shelley 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