{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,12]],"date-time":"2026-03-12T02:42:31Z","timestamp":1773283351421,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Microbiology Society","issue":"10","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,10,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Treatment failure with standard <jats:italic>Helicobacter pylori<\/jats:italic> eradication regimes may require the use of \u2018rescue\u2019 therapies containing fluoroquinolones or rifamycins. The susceptibilities of <jats:italic>H. pylori<\/jats:italic> in the UK to such antimicrobials are unknown; therefore, this study aimed to determine the frequencies and molecular markers of resistance. Ciprofloxacin and rifampicin susceptibilities were determined by Etest and\/or disc diffusion for 255 isolates of <jats:italic>H. pylori<\/jats:italic>, including 171 isolates from adult dyspeptic patients with refractive infections. Mutations in known resistance-determining regions of <jats:italic>gyrA<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>rpoB<\/jats:italic> were determined. The ciprofloxacin resistance rate was 7.5\u200a%, and <jats:italic>gyrA<\/jats:italic> mutations, predominantly at codon position 91, were identified in most resistant isolates. One isolate (&lt;1\u200a%) had an unequivocal rifampicin-resistant phenotype by Etest yet had no associated mutations in the <jats:italic>rpoB<\/jats:italic> gene. As resistance rates were low in <jats:italic>H. pylori<\/jats:italic> isolates, including those from patients with refractive infections, it was concluded that fluoroquinolones or rifamycins might be considered in the UK for inclusion in \u2018rescue\u2019 therapies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1099\/jmm.0.011270-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,9,11]],"date-time":"2009-09-11T16:50:48Z","timestamp":1252687848000},"page":"1322-1328","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":27,"title":["Frequency and molecular characteristics of ciprofloxacin- and rifampicin-resistant Helicobacter pylori from gastric infections in the UK"],"prefix":"10.1099","volume":"58","author":[{"given":"Stephanie A.","family":"Chisholm","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Gastrointestinal, Emerging and Zoonotic Infections Department, Centre for Infections, Health Protection Agency, 61 Colindale Avenue, London NW9 5HT, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Robert J.","family":"Owen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gastrointestinal, Emerging and Zoonotic Infections Department, Centre for Infections, Health Protection Agency, 61 Colindale Avenue, London NW9 5HT, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"345","reference":[{"key":"R1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1523-5378.2006.00436.x","article-title":"Prevalence and mechanisms of resistance to fluoroquinolones in Helicobacter pylori strains from patients living in Belgium","volume":"11","author":"Bogaerts","year":"2006","journal-title":"Helicobacter"},{"key":"R2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diagmicrobio.2007.11.008","article-title":"Prevalence and evolution of Helicobacter pylori resistance to 6 antimicrobial agents over 12 years and correlation between susceptibility testing methods","volume":"60","author":"Boyanova","year":"2008","journal-title":"Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis"},{"key":"R3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2004.02.032","article-title":"High levels of dual resistance to clarithromycin and metronidazole and in vitro activity of levofloxacin against Helicobacter pylori isolates from patients after failure of therapy","volume":"24","author":"Branca","year":"2004","journal-title":"Int J Antimicrob Agents"},{"key":"R4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1029","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/46.6.1029","article-title":"Features and trends in Helicobacter pylori antibiotic resistance in Lisbon area, Portugal (1990\u20131999)","volume":"46","author":"Cabrita","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Antimicrob Chemother"},{"key":"R5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e5","DOI":"10.1086\/510074","article-title":"The relationship between previous fluoroquinone use and levofloxacin resistance in Helicobacter pylori infection","volume":"44","author":"Carothers","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"R6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2006.11.007","article-title":"Update on fluoroquinolone resistance in Helicobacter pylori : new mutations leading to resistance and first description of a gyrA polymorphism associated with hypersusceptibility","volume":"29","author":"Cattoir","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int J Antimicrob Agents"},{"key":"R7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diagmicrobio.2007.12.005","article-title":"Application of polymerase chain reaction based assays for rapid identification and antibiotic resistance screening of Helicobacter pylori in gastric biopsies","volume":"61","author":"Chisholm","year":"2008","journal-title":"Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis"},{"key":"R8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E3","DOI":"10.2807\/esm.12.07.00721-en","article-title":"Surveillance of primary antibiotic resistance of Helicobacter pylori at centres in England (mid-Essex) and Wales (Gwynedd) over a six-year period (2000\u20132005)","volume":"12","author":"Chisholm","year":"2007","journal-title":"Euro Surveill"},{"key":"R9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1005457226341","article-title":"Effect of pretreatment antibiotic resistance to metronidazole and clarithromycin on outcome of Helicobacter pylori therapy: a meta-analytical approach","volume":"45","author":"Dore","year":"2000","journal-title":"Dig Dis Sci"},{"key":"R10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkh343","article-title":"Helicobacter pylori resistance patterns and genotypes in adult dyspeptic patients from a regional population in North Wales","volume":"54","author":"Elviss","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Antimicrob Chemother"},{"key":"R11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"567","DOI":"10.1099\/jmm.0.45896-0","article-title":"Helicobacter pylori antibiotic-resistance patterns and risk factors in adult dyspeptic patients from ethnically diverse populations in central and south London during 2000","volume":"54","author":"Elviss","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Med Microbiol"},{"key":"R12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.42.1.387-389.2004","article-title":"Susceptibilities to different antibiotics of Helicobacter pylori strains isolated from patients at the pediatric medical center of Tehran, Iran","volume":"42","author":"Falsafi","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"R13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/49.3.541","article-title":"In vitro activity of rifampicin against Helicobacter pylori isolated from children and adults","volume":"49","author":"Fujimura","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Antimicrob Chemother"},{"key":"R14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1019","DOI":"10.1099\/jmm.0.45642-0","article-title":"In vitro activity of fluoroquinolone and the gyrA gene mutation in Helicobacter pylori strains isolated from children","volume":"53","author":"Fujimura","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Med Microbiol"},{"key":"R15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1523-5378.2005.00324.x","article-title":"Helicobacter pylori \u201crescue\u201d therapy after failure of two eradication treatments","volume":"10","author":"Gisbert","year":"2005","journal-title":"Helicobacter"},{"key":"R16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1523-5378.2003.00128.x","article-title":"\u2018Rescue\u2019 therapy with rifabutin after multiple Helicobacter pylori treatment failures","volume":"8","author":"Gisbert","year":"2003","journal-title":"Helicobacter"},{"key":"R17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2241","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.42.5.2241-2246.2004","article-title":"Rapid detection of point mutations in the gyrA gene of Helicobacter pylori conferring resistance to ciprofloxacin by a fluorescence resonance energy transfer-based real-time PCR approach","volume":"42","author":"Glocker","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"R18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"874","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkm039","article-title":"Characterization of rifampicin-resistant clinical Helicobacter pylori isolates from Germany","volume":"59","author":"Glocker","year":"2007a","journal-title":"J Antimicrob Chemother"},{"key":"R19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"346","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00614-06","article-title":"Quinolone resistance in Helicobacter pylori isolates in Germany","volume":"51","author":"Glocker","year":"2007b","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"R20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2036.2002.0160s1003.x","article-title":"Review article: natural history and epidemiology of Helicobacter pylori infection","volume":"16 (Suppl. 1)","author":"Go","year":"2002","journal-title":"Aliment Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"R21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1497","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.43.6.1497","article-title":"Rifampin and rifabutin resistance mechanism in Helicobacter pylori","volume":"43","author":"Heep","year":"1999","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"R22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"538","DOI":"10.1007\/s100960000288","article-title":"Secondary resistance among 554 isolates of Helicobacter pylori after failure of therapy","volume":"19","author":"Heep","year":"2000a","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis"},{"key":"R23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1075","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.44.4.1075-1077.2000","article-title":"Mutations in the beginning of the rpoB gene can induce resistance to rifamycins in both Helicobacter pylori and Mycobacterium tuberculosis","volume":"44","author":"Heep","year":"2000b","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"R24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1007\/s10096-001-0672-2","article-title":"Detection of rifabutin resistance and association of rpoB mutations with resistance to four rifamycin derivatives in Helicobacter pylori","volume":"21","author":"Heep","year":"2002","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis"},{"key":"R25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.325.7354.3","article-title":"Causes of failure of eradication of Helicobacter pylori","volume":"325","author":"Jenks","year":"2002","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"R26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4843","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.48.12.4843-4847.2004","article-title":"Distribution of antibiotic MICs for Helicobacter pylori strains over a 16-year period in patients from Seoul, South Korea","volume":"48","author":"Kim","year":"2004","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"R27","first-page":"970","article-title":"Patterns of Helicobacter pylori isolate resistance to fluoroquinolones, amoxicillin, clarithromycin and metronidazole","volume":"37","author":"Kumala","year":"2006","journal-title":"Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health"},{"key":"R28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1159\/000112416","article-title":"Levofloxacin-resistant Helicobacter pylori in Hong Kong","volume":"54","author":"Lee","year":"2008","journal-title":"Chemotherapy"},{"key":"R29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"722","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.2006.101634","article-title":"Current concepts in the management of Helicobacter pylori infection: The Maastricht III Consensus Report","volume":"56","author":"Malfertheiner","year":"2007","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"R30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1523-5378.2006.00415.x","article-title":"Primary levofloxacin resistance and gyr A\/B mutations among Helicobacter pylori in Japan","volume":"11","author":"Miyachi","year":"2006","journal-title":"Helicobacter"},{"key":"R31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.39.1.107","article-title":"Nucleotide sequence of the gyrA gene and characterization of ciprofloxacin-resistant mutants of Helicobacter pylori","volume":"39","author":"Moore","year":"1995","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"R32","first-page":"E071011","article-title":"European Surveillance of Antimicrobial Consumption (ESAC): outpatient antibiotic use in Europe, 1998\u20132005","volume":"12","author":"Muller","year":"2007","journal-title":"Euro Surveill"},{"key":"R33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.3109\/10409239109114072","article-title":"DNA gyrase: structure and function","volume":"26","author":"Reece","year":"1991","journal-title":"Crit Rev Biochem Mol Biol"},{"key":"R34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4832","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.42.10.4832-4834.2004","article-title":"Universal high-level primary metronidazole resistance in Helicobacter pylori isolated from children in Egypt","volume":"42","author":"Sherif","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"R35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1175","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra020542","article-title":"Helicobacter pylori infection","volume":"347","author":"Suerbaum","year":"2002","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"R36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3942","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.47.12.3942-3944.2003","article-title":"Single and double mutations in gyrA but not in gyrB are associated with low- and high-level fluoroquinolone resistance in Helicobacter pylori","volume":"47","author":"Tankovic","year":"2003","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"R37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dld.2004.09.008","article-title":"Rifabutin based triple therapy for eradication of H. pylori primary and secondary resistant to tinidazole and clarithromycin","volume":"37","author":"Toracchio","year":"2005","journal-title":"Dig Liver Dis"},{"key":"R38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"727","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.45.3.727-733.2001","article-title":"Spontaneous mutations that confer antibiotic resistance in Helicobacter pylori","volume":"45","author":"Wang","year":"2001","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"R39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1429","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2036.2007.03331.x","article-title":"Primary antibiotic resistance in Helicobacter pylori strains isolated in northern and central Italy","volume":"25","author":"Zullo","year":"2007","journal-title":"Aliment Pharmacol Ther"}],"container-title":["Journal of Medical Microbiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.microbiologyresearch.org\/content\/journal\/jmm\/10.1099\/jmm.0.011270-0?crawler=true","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,28]],"date-time":"2020-09-28T07:25:16Z","timestamp":1601277916000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.microbiologyresearch.org\/content\/journal\/jmm\/10.1099\/jmm.0.011270-0"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2009,10,1]]},"references-count":39,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,10,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1099\/jmm.0.011270-0","relation":{},"ISSN":["0022-2615","1473-5644"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0022-2615","type":"print"},{"value":"1473-5644","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2009,10,1]]}}}